11.3 secondary messengers and cAMP/cGMP

Question 1

second messengers

Answer 1

small ions/ water soluble molecules

Question 2

first messenger

Answer 2

the signal molecule that binds to the plasma receptor

Question 3

cyclic AMP

Answer 3

carries signal initiated by epinephrine from membrane of the liver/muscle cell to the cell interior

to break down glycogen

Question 4

protein phosphatases

Answer 4

enzymes that catalyze removal of phosphate groups from the proteins

Question 5

adenylyl cyclase

Answer 5

converts ATP to cAMP

Question 6

what causes cAMP to increase concentration

Answer 6

when epinephrine binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane, it activates adenylyl cyclase which catalyzes the synthesis of many molecules of cAMP

Question 7

what happens after a while to the cAMP

Answer 7

phosphodiesterase takes over and starts converting cAMP to AMP

Question 8

immediate affect of cAMP in the STP

Answer 8

activating serine/threonine kinase (proteon kinase)

-which phosphoylates other proteins

Question 9

g protein –

Answer 9

signal molecule can activate a different treceptor on accidentt
–the inhibitory G protein

Question 10

Vibrio cholera disease

Answer 10

• -bacteria from water secrete toxin
• toxin chemically modifies g protein so it can’t hydrolyze GTP->GDP
• G protein stays in active form
• -makes adenylyl make cAMP
• cAMP make intestine cells secrete walt and
• -person develops diarrhea

Question 11

GMP/cGMP

Answer 11

contains a signaling molecule that relaxes smooth muscles in artery walls and increases blood flow .

Question 12

viagra

Answer 12

• -compound that inhibits cGMP

- -so it increases blood flow