11.4 Cognition Flashcards
What are information processing models?
models that use computers as analogy for understanding cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and memory
What is working memory?
short-term memory for information in immediate awareness, consisting of four components: central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
What is the phonological loop?
allows us to repeat verbal information to help us remember it
What is visuospatial sketchpad?
allows for repetition of visuospatial information to aid with encoding it into memory
What is episodic buffer?
park of working memory that interacts with information in long-term memory
What are schemas?
mental frameworks that shape and are shaped by our experiences
What are the four developmental stages of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Developments?
- sensorimotor stage
- preoperational stage
- concrete operational stage
- formal operational stage
What is the sensorimotor state?
from birth to two years when they learn object permanence and demonstrate stranger anxiety
What is object permanence?
understanding that things continue to exist when they are out of sight
What is stranger anxiety?
distress when confronted with an unfamiliar person
What is the preoperational stage?
ages 2 to 7 where children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and images
What is the concrete operational stage?
ages 7 to 11 when children learn to think logically
What is the formal operational stage?
age 12 through adulthood where people learn abstract reasoning and moral reasoning
What is agnosia?
inability to recognize objects through sensory mechanisms despite intact function of the underling sense itself
What is the trial and error problem solving strategy?
strategy of problem solving that involves trying different alternatives sequentially until success is achieved
What is algorithm problem solving?
step-by-step detailing of problem solving
What is heuristics?
mental shortcuts
What is confirmation bias?
tendency to search only for information that confirms our preconceived thinking rather than information that might not support it
What is fixation?
inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective
What is functional fixation?
tendency to perceive the function of objects as fixed and unchanging
What is belief bias?
tendency to draw conclusion based on what one already believes rather than sound logic
What is belief perseverance?
the maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary
What is overconfidence?
overestimation of the accuracy of knowledge and judgments
