1.13/1.14 Epithelium Flashcards
1
Q
__________ is the tissue underlying the epithelium, surrounding most organs, and is filler tissue where most organs lie
A
Connective tissue
2
Q
3 different forms of gastrulation
A
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
3
Q
What does ectoderm turn into?
A
Skin, nervous system
4
Q
What does endoderm turn into?
A
Intestinal tract, lungs
5
Q
What does mesoderm turn into?
A
Muscle, nerves, connective tissues
6
Q
Steps of neurulation:
A
Cranial neural crest —> ectomesenchyme -> connective tissues and cranial facial bones
7
Q
Where does embryonic connective tissue vs adult tissuecome from?
A
- embryonic: Mesenchyme, mesoderm, neural crest
- adult: fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells
8
Q
4 functions of connective tissues
A
Structural, nutrition, defense, tissue repair
9
Q
What type of structural support does connective tissue give?
A
- fine network for cells (loose connective)
2. rigid skeletal support (bones)
10
Q
How does connective tissue play a role in nutrition? (2)
A
- Storage of fat in adipose tissue
2. Metabolites exchanging in the ECM
11
Q
How does connective tissue play a role in defense? (3)
A
- Phagocytosis
- Immunocompetent cells/ production of antibodies)
- Release of pharmacologically active substances like histamine/heparin to allow chemotaxis
12
Q
What kind of tissues do connective tissues repair?
A
- Soft (fibroblasts)
2. Hard (callus, chondrocytes, osteoblasts)
13
Q
________ use cartilage as a template to repair fracture
A
Osteoblasts
14
Q
What are the 3 classifications of adult connective tissue?
A
- Connective tissue proper
- Supporting connective
- Connective tissue with special properties
15
Q
What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
A
Loose, dense
16
Q
What are the two categories of supporting connective tissue?
A
Bone, cartilage
17
Q
What are the 4 types of connective tissue with special properties?
A
Adipose, elastic, hematopoietic, mucous
18
Q
What can you see in this pic?
A
Elastic fibers, connective tissue, ground substance
19
Q
What 3 things is the ECM manufactured by?
A
Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes
20
Q
What is the ECM composed of?
A
Fibers, amorphous ground substance
21
Q
3 types of fibers
A
Collagen, reticular, elastic
22
Q
Which fibers are the most abundant??
A
Collagen
23
Q
Three amorphous ground substances
A
Proteoglycans, glycoproteins, water
24
Q
Ground water absorbs water which makes it _____
A
Slippery
25
What can you stain collagen fibers with?
Eosin (turns pink)
26
Collagen gives high ______ strength and appears _____ in a light microscope
Tensile, wavy
27
The ___________ reflects the size and shape of the individual collagen molecules
Banding pattern of fibrils
28
_________ are individual collagen molecules
Tropocollagen
29
One collagen molecule is made of __________. They can be heterotrimeric or homotrimeric
3 polypeptide alpha chains
30
Alpha chains in collagen intertwine to form ______
A triple helix
31
All collagens have _______ but they are classified on the basis of their ______
Triple helix, polymerization pattern
32
How is collagen formed?? (7 steps)
1. mRNA for each alpha chain is transcribed from DNA in nucleus
2. Preprocollagen translation from mRNA by ribosomes in cytoplasm/ER
3. Post-translational modifications occur in the ER (hydroxylation, glycosylation)
4. Pro collagen (triple helix) formation, this is sent to golgi
4. Cleavage of pro-peptide sequences
5. Aggregation of molecules into fibrils
6. Assembly of fibrils into fibers then fibers into bundles
33
_______ is an essential co-factor for correct fibril formation
Vitamin C
34
______ is a disease caused by an issue with Type I collagen that causes brittle bones
Osteogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta
35
Issues in which two kinds of collagens can cause diseases where the skin blisters easily?
Type 7 and 17 (kindler syndrome and epidermolysis bullosa)
36
An issue in bone formation, caused by a mutation in ___________, is called Kniest dysplasia
Type 2 collagen
37
Reticular network is mostly which type of collagen?
Type 3
38
Reticular fibers are _____ meaning they appear black when silver stained and blue in HE
Agyrophilic
39
Where is reticular fiber found?
Lymphoid tissue, hematopoietic tissue, and early wound healing sites
40
Elastic fiber is comprised of a core of _______ surrounded by a sheath of ______
Elastin, fibrillin
41
Elastic fibers contain which 2 unique amino acids?
Desmosine, isodesmosine
42
What are amorphous ground substances made up of? (3)
1. Highly hydrated mix of proteoglycans
2. glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
3. glycoproteins
43
Ground substances act as a _______ and ______ to the penetration of invaders
Lubricant
| Barrier
44
What are 3 components of Amorphous ground substance?
adhesive glycoproteins
Proteoglycans
Hyaluronan
45
Proteoglycans are highly glycosylated and have ______ attached to core proteins
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
46
What are 3 examples of Proteoglycans
Perlecan
Decorin
Bone sialoprotein
47
What is hyaluronan?
A pure polysaccharide with no core protein
48
What are adhesive glycoproteins made of?
core protein with some carbohydrate
49
_________ contain binding sites for other ECM molecules and interact with cell surface receptors
Adhesive glycoproteins
50
What are 4 examples of adhesive glycoproteins?
1. Fibronectin
2. Laminin
3. Tenascin
4. Osteopontin
51
All examples of adhesive glycoproteins have binding sites to ______ and _______
ECM, Cell membrane
52
What is a Proteoglycan made up of?
A core protein and attached carbohydrate (GAGs)
53
What are 6 types of GAGs
1. Chondroitin-4-sulfate
2. Chondroitin-6-sulfate
3. Heparan sulfate
4. Dermatan sulfate
5. Keratin sulfate
6. Hyaluronan
54
______ increases as the vessel gets smaller
Hydrostatic pressure
55
Lower _______ pushes water out
Osmotic pressure
56
_____ is tissue fluid that is similar to blood plasma
Free water
57
______ is bound to gags and is water of salvation
Bound water
58
_____ is a pathological increase in volume of tissue fluid
Edema
59
What three things can cause edema?
1. Venous or lymphatic obstruction (heart attack)
2. Chronic starvation
3. Increased permeability of capillary endothelia due to chemical or mechanical injury
60
Protein deficiency results in decreased _____ which means water is not drawn back into the capillaries
Osmotic pressure
61
_____ are cells that exhibit very little movement in connective tissue
Resident/non-wandering cells
62
What are the 5 resident cells?
1. Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts
2. Macrophages
3. Adipocytes
4. Mast cells
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
63
______ are the most abundant cells
Fibroblasts
64
What do fibroblasts form?
All cell types and amorphous ground substance
65
What color are fibroblasts in HE sections?
Cytoplasm color blends in with collagen matrix so you can only see bluish cell nucleus
66
Fibroblasts are abundant in what two places??
RER and golgi
67
You cannot distinguish myofibroblasts and ______ by light microscopy and morphology
Fibroblasts
68
What are characteristics that myofibroblasts share with muscle cells or fibroblasts? (3)
1. Abundant in golgi and RER
2. Contain myofilaments and act like smooth muscle cells
3. Activity helps wound contracture and gland secretion
69
______ are long living cells that are derived from blood monocytes
Macrophages
70
What do macrophages do?
Phagocytoses foreign Substances, damaged and apoptotic cells
71
physical characteristics of macrophages
- large irregular cells
- have filopedia (Surface projections that indicate phagocytic potential)
- kidney shaped nucleus
72
Names of macrophages are given according to _______
Where they are found
73
What are macrophages found in the liver called?
Kupffer cells
74
Macrophages in the blood are called ______ and macrophages in the connective tissue are called ______
Monocytes
| Macrophages
75
______ are long lived cells that are ubiquitous in the skin and mucous membranes
Mast cells
76
What are the two populations of mast cells?
MCtc (tryptase and kinase)
| MCt (tryptase only)
77
Mast cells are ovoid cells packed with many basophiliv _________
Membrane bound molecules
78
What do metachromatic granules consist of?
```
Eosinophil chemotatic factor
Leukotrienes
TNF-a
Interleukins
Prostaglandins
Histamine
```
79
Mast cells initiate inflammatory response after binding _______
IgE released by plasma cells
80
_______ plays a large role in anaphylactic shock
igE
81
Mast cells and ______ are related but not identical
Blood basophils
82
_______ are fully differentiated fat cells
Adipocytes
83
Two functions of Adipocytes
1. Unilocular: synthesis and storage of triglycerides (neutral and white fats)
2. Multilocular: production of heat (brown fats)
84
______ are large spherical cells that store fat as a single droplet
Unilocular Adipocytes
85
Why do Unilocular Adipocytes have a signet ring look?
Displaced nucleus
86
Unilocular Adipocytes can occur in what number ?
Singly, in small groups or a large mass
87
Multilocular Adipocytes are _____ than Unilocular (size)
Smaller
88
characteristics of a Multilocular Adipocyte
- numerous small fat droplets
- nucleus NOT displaced
- many mitochondria
89
________ have the potential to give rise to different types of cells.
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
90
what is an example of an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell?
Pericytes found around capillaries
91
what are transient/wandering cells?
cells that migrate from blood in response to stimuli
92
what are some examples of wandering cells?
1. Plasma cells
| 2. leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
93
_______ are derived from B-lymphocytes and have a limited lifespan of 10-30 days
plasma cells
94
what physical traits do plasma cells have?
- large ovoid cell
- considerable cytoplasm
- large golgi
- abundant RER
- eccentric nucleus
95
where can you find plasma cells?
- scattered in connective tissue
| - large numbers at inflammation sites
96
what do plasma cells do?
produce and secrete specific antibodies
97
how can you pick out plasma cells on a microscope image?
their heterochromatin shows a cartwheel pattern
98
what are leukocytes?
circulatory cells that migrate into connective tissues
99
what are the different leukocytes and what do they do? (5)
1. monocytes (phagocytosis)
2. neutrophils (phagocytosis to bacteria, results in pus)
3. eosinophils (release cytotoxins and do phagocytosis)
4. basophils (phagocytosis)
5. Lymphocytes (cant do phagocytosis)
100
True or False: Leukocytes can return to blood from connective tissue
FALSE! leukocytes canNOT return to blood from connective tissue. (except lymphocytes can do this)
101
name the:
1. cells that make connective tissue
2. cells that are connective tissue
3. cells that reside in and migrate through connective tissue
1. fibroblasts
2. adipocytes
3. mast cells, macrophages, plasma cells, leukocytes
102
what kind of tissue is this?
Loose areolar connective tissue (gallbladder)
103
what kind of tissue is this?
dense regular connective tissue
104
what kind of tissue is this?
dense IRREGULAR connective tissue
105
what kind of tissue is this?
unilocular adipose tissue (white fat)
106
what kind of tissue is this?
multilocular adipose tissue
107
what kind of tissue is this?
elastic tissue
108
which 4 cells are not CT cells?
1. mesothelial
2. endothelial
3. megakaryocyte
4. RBC
109
which leukocytes CAN return to the blood from connective tissues?
Lymphocytes
