11.2 Study Guide

Question 1

Bessemer Process

Answer 1

Inventor, Henry Bessemer, created the Bessemer process, making it possible for the U.S. to be one of the world’s major producers of steel.

Question 2

Why did immigrants live in tenements?

Answer 2

Because there was a lack of affordable housing in overcrowded cities.

Question 3

List the effects of the growth of railroads

Answer 3

• The growth of food supply available
• Increase in monopolies
• The ability to locate factories and farms far from customers

Question 4

Effects of new forms of mass transportation

Answer 4

Wealthier Americans were able to move away from the inner cities to the suburbs.

Question 5

Why did cities need to be built near waterways?

Answer 5

Before the mid-1800s, water power ran factories so they were built near rivers.

Question 6

Why did immigrants mainly live in urban areas?

Answer 6

Because of jobs

Question 7

Factories were filled with what type of worker?

Answer 7

Unskilled workers who provided labor for the factories.

Question 8

What type of wage were immigrants that worked in factories given?

Answer 8

Mostly low wage jobs

Question 9

Where were immigrants to the U.S. coming from after 1880?

Answer 9

Most were now coming from Non-English speaking countries from Eastern and Southern
Europe (included Italy, Poland, and Russia).

Question 10

Who helped to industrialize the American economy?

Answer 10

Immigrants

Question 11

Americanization

Answer 11

When immigrants became assimilated to American culture through a legal and educational process.

Question 12

What was the largest economic change in the U.S. between 1820-1890?

Answer 12

Large Scale manufacturing

Question 13

Describe the living conditions of the cities

Answer 13

• Crowded
• Unsanitary
• No garbage or sewer systems

Question 14

How did Political Machines win the votes of immigrants?

Answer 14

Immigrants needed housing and jobs, which political machines often provided for them. Immigrants paid for these favors with their votes.

Question 15

What was the main purpose of trusts?

Answer 15

To eliminate business competition.

Question 16

How would trusts drive out smaller businesses?

Answer 16

By lowering prices.

Question 17

Standard Oil

Answer 17

John D. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Trust through mergers and buy-outs, making it one of the largest trusts in America.

Question 18

Populist Party

Answer 18

Made up mainly of low-income farmers from the South and West.

Question 19

Goals of the Populist Party

Answer 19

• Have the government issue more paper currency and silver coins to increase inflation.
• Change voting laws from public to private.
• Change election laws from the state legislature choosing representatives to the voters having direct elections.

Question 20

List the benefits of trusts

Answer 20

Lower retail prices, the availability of items that were once luxuries

Question 21

Why was the Northern Securities Company considered a trust?

Answer 21

J.P. Morgan combined the stock of several railroads in order to dominate service from Chicago to the Pacific Ocean.

Question 22

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 22

Used to break up monopolies, especially railroad monopolies.

Question 23

What label did Roosevelt give himself?

Answer 23

Trustbuster

Question 24

List the reasons why the United Mine Workers went on strike in 1902.

Answer 24

In the Spring of 1902, the United Mine Workers called a strike of the anthracite coal miners who demanded a 20% pay raise, to reduce their workday to 8 hours, and to win the mine owner’s recognition of their union.

Question 25

The Jungle

Answer 25

Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, was written after Sinclair closely observed the filthy conditions in the Chicago meatpacking industry and how the workers lived.

Question 26

What act did the Jungle help to get created?

Answer 26

Meat Inspection Act

Question 27

List Roosevelt’s achievements as president

Answer 27

• Passed the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
• Built the Panama Canal
• Established a U.S. Forest Service

Question 28

Why was Roosevelt considered to be the first modern president?

Answer 28

Because he used the powers of his office and his personal magnetism to bypass congressional opposition.

Question 29

List the achievements of Taft as president

Answer 29

• Established the Children’s Bureau
• Prosecuted Standard Oil and American Tobacco Companies.
• Expanded national forests.

Question 30

What was one of the main reasons Wilson won the 1912 presidential election?

Answer 30

Wilson will win the 1912 Presidential election due to Taft and Roosevelt splitting the Republican vote.

Question 31

What was the effect of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act?

Answer 31

This act breaks up hundreds of monopolies

Question 32

Robert La Follette

Answer 32

A Wisconsin Governor who fought the railroad tycoons by supporting a bill requiring the railroads to pay a fair share of taxes.

Question 33

Jane Addams

Answer 33

Established the Hull House

• Educate immigrants
• Help immigrants get jobs

Question 34

How did Jane Addams and the Social Progressive Movement encourage progressive reform?

Answer 34

Encouraged progressive reform on a local level by

• Developing settlement houses that often were the only social services that the urban poor had access to
• Helping to mobilize women to take a more active role in politics.
• Organizing and endorsing the political campaigns of progressives.

Question 35

Industrial Workers of the World

Answer 35

• Capitalism should be rejected
• A single union for all workers was needed
• Workers should confront business owners directly

Question 36

Social Gospel Movement

Answer 36

A religious movement focused on improving cities and the lives of the people living in them.

Question 37

Education reform

Answer 37

Laws were passed requiring kids to go to school

Question 38

List the problems facing African Americans

Answer 38

• Racism
• High unemployment
• Lynching

Question 39

Chinese Exclusion Act

Answer 39

Chinese were seen as competition for jobs on the West Coast. The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed as a result.

Question 40

During which era were the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments passed?

Answer 40

The 16th, 17th, 18, 19th Amendments were all passed during the Progressive Era.