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M11 > 11.2 Airframe structures > Flashcards

11.2 Airframe structures Flashcards

1
Q

what does PSE stand for

A

principle structural elements

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2
Q

name some examples of principle structural elements

A

wings, canard, vertical stab, horizontal stab, winglets

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3
Q

what are flight limit loads

A

maximum loads expected in service

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4
Q

what are ultimate limit loads

A

flight limit loads multiplied for safety

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5
Q

what are aircraft structural members designed to do

A

carry load or resist stress

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6
Q

what are the 5 stresses acting on an aircrfat

A

tension, compression, torsion, shear, bending

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7
Q

structural members are designed to carry what loads instead of what loads

A

end loads rather that side loads

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8
Q

what are the 3 ways structure is classified

A

primary, secondary, tertiary

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9
Q

what falls under primary structure

A

any of the aircrafts framework

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10
Q

name some example of primary structural components

A

wing spars, engine mounts, fuselage frames, main floor

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11
Q

what falls under the secondary structure

A

non-primary structural components

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12
Q

name some secondary structure examples

A

wing ribs, fuselage stringers, aircraft skin segments

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13
Q

what falls under tertiary structure

A

any remaining structural components

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14
Q

what must you refer to when identifying aircraft structure

A

AMM, SRM

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15
Q

what is meant by fail safe

A

duplication of structural members so if one fails there is a backup

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16
Q

whats the disadvantage of fail safe structures

A

added weight and the concept is outdated

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17
Q

what is the modern concept that is replacing fail safe

A

damage tolerance

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18
Q

describe the safe life concept

A

prediction of how long a structure can remain in service until a point of fatigue

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19
Q

what is the safe life concept recorded in

A

cycles or operating hours

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20
Q

what is damage tolerance concepts

A

testing of structures

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21
Q

what types of test are used for tolerance concepts

A

static and dynamic load tests

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22
Q

what are the 5 main aircraft structural units

A

fuselage, wings, stabilisers, flight control surfaces, landing gear

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23
Q

what are used to calculate primary dimensions on an aircraft

A

defined zones, reference points, lines, planes

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24
Q

what type of zones is the aircraft split into

A

major zones, major sub zones, zones

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25
Q

what number are all the zones and what part of the aircraft do they cover

A

100 - lower half fuselage
200 - upper half fuselage 300 - empennage
400 - power plants/struts
500 - LH wing
600 - RH wing
700 - LG/LG doors
800 - doors

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26
Q

what is used to identify sub major zones

A

second digit of number code

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27
Q

are the sub major zone numbers odd or even on the LH/R|H side of the aircraft

A

odd is on the left, even is on the right

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28
Q

what are the zones identified using on the aircrfat

A

third digit of the number

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29
Q

how is the aircraft zones numbers (e.g top to bottom)

A

fwd - aft
inb - outb
bottom - top

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30
Q

what do the digits mean when identifying zones

A

first - major
second - sub major
third - zone

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31
Q

what does BS and FS stand for

A

body stations, fuselage stations

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32
Q

where does the body station run on the aircraft

A

vertically at right angle to body centreline

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33
Q

where does the fuselage station run on the aircraft

A

from the nose of the aircraft

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34
Q

what does BL stand for

A

buttock lines

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35
Q

what is the buttock line 0

A

bodies centreline

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36
Q

where are buttock lines on the aircraft

A

vertical planes parallel to body

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37
Q

what does WL stand for

A

waterline

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38
Q

where do waterlines run on an aircraft

A

horizontally at right angles to body stations and buttock lines

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39
Q

what does WS stand for

A

wing station

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40
Q

what does CS stand for

A

component stations

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41
Q

what are all the major types of stress

A

tension, compression, torsion, shear, stress, bending, hoop stress, strain, fatigue

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42
Q

define tension

A

resistance to forces which pull it apart

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43
Q

define compression

A

stress that resists crushing forces

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44
Q

define torsion

A

stress that causes twisting

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45
Q

define shear

A

stress that resists force that causes a layer to slide over another layer

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46
Q

define stress

A

material subject to a force

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47
Q

define bending

A

stress combination of compression and tension

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48
Q

define hoop stress

A

what cabin experiences when its pressurized (radially and axially)

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49
Q

define strain

A

ratio of the amount of deformation of material caused by stress

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50
Q

define fatigue

A

effect of cyclic or altering loads on structural components

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51
Q

what part of the fuselage are drains located

A

lower half

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52
Q

how is the loss of air during pressurisation prevented

A

by using bilge like valves

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53
Q

what must aircraft designers consider when fitting components

A

access panels and how to get components out with ease

54
Q

what does LRU stand for

A

line replacable unit

55
Q

how are cables grouped to make it easier for serviceability

A

looms

56
Q

what is the most basic lightning strike protection on modern aircrfat

A

external metal structure

57
Q

what is used on composite aircraft for lightning strike protection

A

metallic paint, conductive mesh

58
Q

if a lightning strike is reported what must you first do

A

walk around, find any damage

59
Q

what 2 types of damage can a lightning strike cause

A

direct, indirect

60
Q

what is direct lightning damage

A

burned surface, or distortion , damage to the structure

61
Q

what is indirect lighting damage

A

damage to electrical systems

62
Q

how big is the scorch mark that a lightning strike usually creates

A

3mm diameter

63
Q

how big will a high intensity lightning strike scorch be

A

6mm or more in diameter

64
Q

what are 2 signs of lightning strikes

A

discoloration, damaged rivets

65
Q

where are the most common parts for lightning strikes

A

nose, trailing edges, edges of wings/stabilisers

66
Q

can lightning strikes go through the aircrafts metal structure and cause internal damage

A

yes

67
Q

what is bonding

A

joining two electrical conductors together

68
Q

what is grounding

A

electrically connecting conductive objects to either another conductive structure or a conductive return path

69
Q

what type of electricity can an aircraft be charged with during flight

A

static electricity

70
Q

whats the process of electrical bonding

A

connecting components to ensure the have the same electrical potential

71
Q

proper bonding will enhance what

A

protection of equipment and passengers

72
Q

when installing grounds, what conditions apply

A

.separated AC/DC/shields
.no more than 4 terminals in 1 stud
.dual grounds installed in fuel vapour areas

73
Q

what are frames also known as

A

formers

74
Q

what is the use of frames/formers

A

give shape and strength

75
Q

to overcome the strength problem on monocoque construction what is used

A

semi-monocoque

76
Q

whats the purpose of bulkheads

A

give shape to the fuselage

77
Q

whats the purpose of bulkheads in the engine

A

seal/isolate fire zones

78
Q

what is a longeron

A

main longitudinal member of the fuselage

79
Q

what is a stringer

A

smaller and lighter longeron

80
Q

whats used to attach the skin to the frame

A

clips or cleats

81
Q

what are doublers used for

A

reinforce areas of skin that require extra strength

82
Q

whats another type of doubler

A

crack stopper

83
Q

what do struts and ties do

A

provide structural integrity and airframe strength

84
Q

what force do struts take

A

compression loads

85
Q

what forces do ties take

A

tension

86
Q

what are ties usually made from

A

steel or titanium

87
Q

what are floorboards made from

A

honeycomb composite

88
Q

what are the 2 general fuselage construction types

A

truss type, monocoque type

89
Q

whats the main advantage pf semi-monocoque fuselages

A

can withstand more stress and still hold together

89
Q

what is a truss type fuselage usually covered with

A

fabric

90
Q

what are semi-monocoque fuselages primarily made from

A

aluminium alloys

91
Q

how can a skin be joined together

A

bonded or riveted

92
Q

what does an empenage consist of

A

horizontal and vertical stabiliser

93
Q

what do engine nacelles do

A

house engine components

94
Q

what is used to bind skins together and structural components

A

rivets

95
Q

why are blind rivets used

A

to rivet areas that cant be accessed by a block

96
Q

what is used for joining on aircraft when high strength is needed

A

bolts

97
Q

whats a substitute to bolts when strength isnt needed

A

screws

98
Q

what is used for bonding, especially on composites

A

adhesive

99
Q

what does surface protection prevent

A

corrosion, fluid damage, erosiom

100
Q
A
101
Q

what are the 3 groups for protective treatment

A

pre-treatment, paint coatings, special coatings

102
Q

what is done in pre-treatment of surfaces

A

de-greasing, applying a pre-treating substance

103
Q

what are the 2 pre-treatment subsatnces

A

anodising, chromating

104
Q

what does anodising do

A

forms oxide coating to increase surfaces performance

105
Q

what does chromating do

A

produces protective oxide film

106
Q

what colour finish is chromating

A

browny-yellow

107
Q

whats the reason for applying paint to an aircraft

A

protect skin from corrosion

108
Q

what is paint coatings divided into

A

primer, topcoat

109
Q

what are the 2 types of special coating

A

type 1, type 2

110
Q

what does a type 1 special coating do

A

water repellent

111
Q

what does a type 2 special coating do

A

heavy duty corrosion preventative

112
Q

what are the 3 methods of cleaning the exterior of the aircraft

A

wet wash, dry wash, polishing

113
Q

what can polishing be broken down into

A

mechanical, hand

114
Q

when is a wet wash used

A

to remove oil, grease, or carbon deposits

115
Q

when is a dry wash used

A

remove aircraft film, dust and small dirt

116
Q
A
117
Q
A
117
Q
A
118
Q

why do we polish an aircrafts exterior

A

restore brightness/colour

119
Q

before commencing cleaning what musty you do with panels

A

ensure they are closed and sealed

120
Q

what must not come into contact with acrylic windows when cleaning

A

undiluted solvents

121
Q

when an aircraft flies in areas prone to slat hows it washed

A

with water after flight

122
Q

after an aircraft wash what must be done with the windows

A

wash windows with soap or detergent in warm water

123
Q

what areas are prone to corrosion in the aircrafts cabin

A

galleys, toilets, drains

124
Q

why must an aircraft all be in alignment

A

to ensure it flies correctly

125
Q

what is the alignment check with on aircraft

A

transit and plumb bobs or theodolite and sighting rods

126
Q

on small aircraft what is used for measuring

A

steel tape

127
Q

what is used for measuring larger distances

A

spring scale

127
Q

how are dimensions of a large aircraft measured

A

marking the aircraft on the floor with chalk then using a plumb bob

M11 (15 decks)

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