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M11 > 11.1 Theory of flight > Flashcards

11.1 Theory of flight Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 primary axis

A

lateral, longitudinal, vertical

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2
Q

what are the 3 movements along the axis’s

A

pitch, roll, yaw

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3
Q

at what angle do all the axis intersect

A

90 degrees

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4
Q

where is the lateral axis on the aircraft

A

wing tip to wing tip

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5
Q

where is the longitudinal axis on the aircraft

A

nose to tail

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6
Q

where is the vertical axis on the aircraft

A

runs through aircrafts centre of gravity

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7
Q

what are the 3 primary flight controls

A

ailerons, elevators, rudder

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8
Q

on larger aircraft what flight controls are added

A

roll spoilers

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9
Q

what control an aircrafts roll?

A

ailerons and spoilers

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10
Q

if an aircraft is rolled to the right what do the ailerons do

A

right aileron up, left aileron down

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11
Q

what ailerons are used during high speed flight

A

inboard

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12
Q

if an aileron goes down does it increase or decrease lift?

A

increase

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13
Q

what’s the equation to calculate dynamic energy

A

1/2 x density x airspeed(2)

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14
Q

at low speed flight what ailerons are used

A

both inboard and outboard

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15
Q

what controls an aircrafts pitch

A

elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabiliser, canards

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16
Q

what are the elevators furthest away from the centre of gravity

A

greatest leverage

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17
Q

do the ailerons operate in the same direction

A

no

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18
Q

do the elevators operate in the same direction

A

yes

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19
Q

what is a variable incidence stabiliser used for

A

pitch trimming

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20
Q

when the variable incidence stabilisers are used what can the compensate for

A

passenger weight, freight, fuel loads, engine settings

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21
Q

where are the wings located on an aircraft when canards are used

A

front of aircraft

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22
Q

what controls yaw on an aircraft

A

rudder

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23
Q

what is used to prevent the pilot over stressing the rudder during flight

A

rudder limiter

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

when is the rudder only used independently

A

correct direction of aircraft in crosswind or when a single engine fails

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26
Q

what is used to move the elevators

A

screwjack

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27
Q

what are the names of the two, duel purpose flight controls

A

elevons, ruddervators

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28
Q

what makes up elevons

A

elevators, ailerons

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29
Q

what makes up ruddervators

A

elevators, rudder

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30
Q

where are elevons usually used

A

high performance, military aircraft

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31
Q

what’s a common example of an aircraft with ruddervators

A

v - tail

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32
Q

what are the 3 common high lift devices

A

slots, slats, flaps

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33
Q

what do slots allow the aircraft to do in terms of speed

A

fly at slower speed and high angle of attack

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34
Q

whats a disadvantage of slots

A

produce a lot of drag

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35
Q

are flaps secondary or primary flight controls

A

secondary

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36
Q

what does the flap do to the wings shape

A

increase its camber

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37
Q

what are all the types of flap (7)

A

plain flap, split flap, slotted flap, fowler flap, slotted fowler flap, krueger flaps, flaperons

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38
Q

how much lift does a plain flap produce

A

50-55%

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39
Q

how much does a split flap increase lift by?

A

60-65%

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40
Q

how much does a slotted flap increase lift by

A

65-70%

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41
Q

how much does a fowler flap increase lift by

A

95%

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42
Q

whats the difference between a slotted fowler flap and fowler flaps

A

slotted fowler flaps have a gap between the trailing edge and leading edge of the flap to re-energise the boundary layer

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43
Q

what flaps do some heavy aircraft have

A

leading edge flap

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44
Q

what can krueger flaps increase in the aircrafts handling

A

low speed handling

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45
Q

what is a flaperon

A

an aileron that can also function as a flap

46
Q

what are the 2 main induced drag devices on modern aircraft

A

spoilers, speed brakes

47
Q

where are spoilers located on the wing

A

upper surface

48
Q

what can be the 3 distinct spoiler functions

A

flight spoilers, ground spoilers, roll spoilers

49
Q

what are roll spoilers used in conjunction with

A

ailerons

50
Q

where are speed breaks positioned on aircraft

A

on structural areas strong enough to withstand high air loads

51
Q

what do wing fences do

A

reduce the effect of spanwise flow and reduce wing tip stall

52
Q

what is the direction of the flow in spanwise flow

A

along the leading edge

53
Q

whats the ideal direction of the wind over wing

A

right angle to leading edge

54
Q

what is a saw tooth leading edge and what does it prevent

A

slight extension on the leading edge and reduces wing tip stall

55
Q

what is the purpose of a vortex generator

A

re-energises the boundary layer

56
Q

what is the purpose of stall wedges

A

to ensure the wing root will stall before the wing tip

57
Q

whats the shape of the cross section of stall wedges

A

triangular

58
Q
A
59
Q

what duct do all high lift devices have and why

A

convergent duct to accelerate airflow from lower to upper surface

59
Q

are trim tabs a primary or secondary flight control

A

secondary

60
Q

what is the purpose of trim tabs

A

compensate for aircrafts imbalances

61
Q

what are the 2 types of trim tab

A

fixed and moveable

62
Q

whats the difference between fixed and moveable trim tabs

A

fixed can only be adjusted on the ground, moveable can be adjusted in the air

63
Q

what direction does the trim tab go

A

opposite to the flight control

64
Q

what is the purpose of a balance tab

A

to assist the pilot in moving a flight control

65
Q

what direction does a balance tab go in comparison to the flight control

A

opposite

66
Q

what direction does the anti balance tab go in comparison to the flight control

A

same direction

67
Q

what aircraft are servo tabs used on

A

large aircraft

68
Q

what is the purpose of a servo tab

A

make it easier to move the flight control for the pilot

69
Q

what is linked with mass balancing

A

aircrafts centre of gravity and centre of pressure

70
Q

what is a balance panel

A

plate connected to the leading edge of the control surface

71
Q

what do balance panels divide the front of the control surface into

A

upper chamber, lower chamber

72
Q

what is the speed of sound

A

mach 1

73
Q

what are the 3 speed regions

A

subsonic, transonic, supersonic

74
Q

whats the compressible flow speed at subsonic

A

0.8 mach or less

75
Q

whats the compressible flow speed at transonic

A

0.8 - 1.2 mach

76
Q

whats the compressible flow at supersonic

A

1.2 - 5 mach

77
Q

what speed do most modern aircraft operate at

A

subsonic

78
Q

if an aircraft is traveling at transonic speed what speed is the airflow on the aircraft

A

subsonic and supersonic

79
Q

when traveling at supersonic what is the speed of all the airflow around the aircraft

A

all supersonic

80
Q

if an aircraft is flying at the same speed as sound whats its mach number

A

1

81
Q

if an aircraft is at 0.6 mach what percentage of sound is it flying at

A

60%

82
Q

what is the critical mach number

A

lowest mach number at which airflow over some points of the aircraft reaches the speed of sound but not exceed it

83
Q

what mach number is air considered compressible at

A

0.4 mach

84
Q

what creates a shock wave

A

air being disturbed due to the aircraft going through it

85
Q

if an aircraft is going faster than the speed of sound where is the shockwave

A

behind the aircraft

86
Q

are expansion waves shock waves

A

no

87
Q

when are expansion waves formed

A

supersonic airflow changes direction over a curve or corner

88
Q

what are the 2 typical supersonic wing profiles

A

double wedge, circular arc

89
Q

what is wave drag

A

portion of total drag which is caused from shock waves

90
Q

what 2 ways can help reduce wave drag

A

vortex generators, applying the area rule

91
Q

whats the slight disadvantage of vortex generators when reducing weave drag

A

introduces slight parasite drag

92
Q

describe the area rule briefly

A

changing certain areas on the aircraft where shockwaves are most common

93
Q

what can aerodynamic heating also be known as

A

friction heating

94
Q

what happens to temperature during supersonic flight

A

increases alot

95
Q

for a supersonic aircraft what must the airflow be slowed to when entering the compressor

A

subsonic

96
Q

gas turbines cannot take in airflow speeds above what

A

0.4 mach

97
Q

how does a normal shock diffuser inlet slow air velocity

A

using a normal shock wave

98
Q

in a converging duct does velocity increase or decrease

A

increases

99
Q

in a converging duct does static pressure increase or decrease

A

decrease

100
Q

what happens to static pressure and velocity in a convergent duct

A

velocity decrease, static pressure increase

101
Q

how does a single/multiple oblique shock inlet slow air velocity

A

external oblique shock wave

102
Q

if multiple oblique shock waves are used to slow air velocity what are its advantages

A

less wasted energy and highest pressure recovery

103
Q

what does a variable supersonic inlet provide

A

optimum efficiency at all airspeeds and angles

104
Q

at flight speeds below mach 1 is the supersonic inlet open or closed

A

fully open

105
Q

at flight speeds slightly above mach 1 how do supersonic inlets slow the air

A

slight panel angle change creating a normal shockwave

106
Q

at flight speed of high mach numbers how does a supersonic inlet slow the airspeed

A

inlet adjusts to create 3 oblique shock waves and then a normal shockwave

107
Q

how do we reduce the profile thickness of the wing and delay the critical mach number

A

swept back wings

108
Q

whats the most common swept wing angle on modern jet aircrfat

A

30 degrees

109
Q

if the centre of pressure is forward of the centre on gravity what risk is increased

A

stall risk

M11 (15 decks)

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