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M11 Resit > 11.2 > Flashcards

11.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a primary structural element

A

A part of the aircraft which contributes significantly to carrying flight, ground or pressurisation loads and is essential to maintaining ac structural integrity

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2
Q

What are flight limit loads

A

Max loads that are expected in service

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3
Q

What’s ultimate limit loads

A

Loads in which flight limit loads are multiplied by a factor of safety

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4
Q

What two forces are a combination to make bending forces

A

Compression and tension

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5
Q

Are structural member primarily designed to carry end loads or side loads

A

End loads

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6
Q

Whats primary structure

A

Any structure of the aircraft that can cause

Loss of control over the aircraft.
Catastrophic structural collapse.
Harm to occupants.
Failure of the power unit.
Unintended operation.
Incapability to perform a service.

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7
Q

What’s secondary structure

A

Secondary structure encompasses all non-primary structural components of the aircraft that possess intrinsic structural significance and exhibit strength surpassing design requisites.

Eg. Wing ribs, fuselage stringers, certain parts of ac skin

Less prone to weakening without Facing failure risks as seen in primary structure

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8
Q

Whats tertiary structure

A

Lightly stressed elements added to ac for diverse purposes

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9
Q

What’s fail safe

A

A method where there’s duplications of structurall members to ensure if one fails then the other can take over

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10
Q

Disadvantage of fail safe

A

Added weight

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11
Q

What’s safe life concept

A

A prediction of how long a structure can remain in service before Reaching the point of fatigue damage

Once testing is done the parts or components are given specific safe cycles of safe hours in service

Once testing is done the parts or components are given specific safe cycles of safe hours in service

Test limits are tested and the safe life is usually one third of the max amount of cycles of testing to ensure it’s safe

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12
Q

What’s damage tolerance concept

A

The structure is designed to be allowed to take damage and that damage is monitored until it exceeds limits and then it must be replaced

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13
Q

What’s zone 100

A

Lower fuselage

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14
Q

What’s zone 200

A

Upper fuselage

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15
Q

What’s zone 300

A

Empyenage

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16
Q

What’s zone 400

A

Power plants and struts

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17
Q

What’s zone 500

A

Left wing

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18
Q

What’s zone 600

A

Right wing

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19
Q

What’s zone 700

A

Landing gear AND LAMDING GEAR DOORS

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20
Q

What’s zone 800

A

Doors

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21
Q

Are sub major stations on the left hand odd or even numbers

A

Odd

Right is even

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22
Q

One larger aircraft whats the range that the second number can be

A

1-9

Smaller is 1-6

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23
Q

What’s a body station

A

A vertical plane at a right angle o the body centreline

Body stations are Measured from nose

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24
Q

What’s a buttock line

A

Vertical planes parralell to the body centreline

Button line 0 is the centreline

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25
Q

What’s water lines

A

Horizontal planes at a right angle to body station and body buttock lines

Body waterline 0 is sometimes below fuselage in landing gear or sometimes under landing gear

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26
Q

What chapter can the numbering of aircraft stations be found

A

6 AMM

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27
Q

What are wing stations measured in and where from

A

Inches or mm

From a butt line reference point or from wing rib one

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28
Q

How are component stations numbered

A

Have own numbering system from inbrd to outbrd

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29
Q

Hows stress calculated

A

Force / cross sectional area

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30
Q

What’s the relationship between longitudinal and hoop stress

A

Hoop is always double what longitudinal is

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31
Q

What’s hoop stress

A

Circumferential stress exerting tensile forces on skin

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32
Q

What helps to direct the water to the drainage holes

A

A system of longitudinal and cross drain paths through stringers and the frame

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33
Q

How are the drain holes held open and when are they open

A

Spring

When ac depressurised

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34
Q

What do highly susceptible areas have as well as ventilation points

A

Ram air inlets and exit points to enable a full flow of fresh air

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35
Q

What’s advantages of have dedicated or general purpose computers grouped and secured in sections of aircraft

A

Max security
Accessibility
Environmental conditions

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36
Q

What’s the ac basic form of lightning strike protection

A

All metal structure

Or for composites…
Metallic paint or conductive mesh

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37
Q

What’s direct and indirect lightning strike damage

A

Direct is damage such as burn, melt or distortion of metal surface

Indirect is damage to electrical systems on the aircraft

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38
Q

What size is the burn mark of a high intensity lightning strike

A

6mm

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39
Q

What’s the normal size of a burn caused by a lightning strike

A

3mm

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40
Q

Where’s the most common areas for lightning strikes

A

Nose, trailing edge, and extremities of wings and stabs

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41
Q

What can happen to metal structures after a lightning strike

A

They can become magnetised

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42
Q

What’s the difference between grounding and bonding

A

Grounding- the process of electrically connecting conductive objects to either a conductive structure or so,e other conductive return path to safely complete a normal or fault circuit

Bonding- done by connecting all two electrical conductors

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43
Q

What’s the reasons for bonding

A

To minimise radio and radar interference.
To eliminate fire hazards by preventing a spark between two metallic components at different potentials.
To minimise the damage to the aircraft and its passengers from lightning strikes.
To provide a low-resistance return path for single-wire electrical systems.
To aid in the effectiveness of the shielding.

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44
Q

What conditions must apply when installing grounds

A

Grounds must be seperated

There must be no more than 4 terminals on one stud

Dual grounds must be installed in fuel vapour areas

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45
Q

How’s a ground plate installed in a aircraft

A

By bonding an aluminium wire mesh into the composite structure

46
Q

What’s direct and indirect bonding

A

Direct- achieved by exposing the mesh and mounting the equipment directly onto the conductive path

Indirect- achieved by exposing the mesh and installing a bonding wire and connector

47
Q

If binding done correctly what should the values be

A

No higher than 0.025 ohms

48
Q

Where are the heaviest vertical frames/ formers located

A

Located at intervals where heavy loads need to be carried like wings and power plants

49
Q

What shape are frames

A

Circular

50
Q

Disadvantage if monocoque construction

A

Maintaining strength while not exceeding weight limits

51
Q

What supplements longerons

A

Stringers

52
Q

What’s the main longitudinal member of a fuselage or nacelle

A

Longerons

53
Q

What part of the structure takes the primary bending loads

A

Longerons

54
Q

What are stringers for

A

Serve as stiffners for along the skin

Have some rigidity but are used for shaping and attaching skin.

55
Q

What do the clips/ cleats in aircraft structures do

A

Help attached the skin to the frame and help with transferring the pressure loads from the skin

56
Q

What holds the bulkheads formers and stringers together

A

Heavy strong longerons

57
Q

What holds the bulkheads formers and stringers together

A

Heavy strong longerons

58
Q

What are doublers

A

Additional sections of material on the skin where extra strength is required

Found around apertures, doors, Windows

59
Q

What are crack stoppers

A

They are types of doublers that and are placed at a right angle to the path of a anticipated crack to limit crack propergation

60
Q

What’s added around doors as well as doublers and why

A

Kick plate as they prone to damage for being kicked or loading luggage

61
Q

What type of loads do struts usually take

A

Compression forces

62
Q

What are struts for and what are they made of

A

Long slender members that are used for transferring loads from one part of the fuselage to the other

Made of aluminium as it’s light but strong

63
Q

What type of forces do ties take

A

Tension

64
Q

What are the purpose of ties

A

Used to maintain structural integrity of various parts of fuselage to prevent excessive deformation under external loads

65
Q

What are ties made of

A

Steel or titanium

66
Q

What are the floor boards made off

A

Honeycomb composite structure and screwed into the ALLUMINIUM FLOOR BEAMS

67
Q

What loads do floor beams carry

A

Tension under pressurisation

68
Q

What’s under the floorboards

A

Foam to prevent fretting

69
Q

What’s different about floor boards in wet areas (galley and lavatories)

A

They’re sealed to prevent corrosion

70
Q

What’s the longitudinal members called in wings

What’s the main span wise member

A

Spars

Ribs

71
Q

What type of constructions used for wings

A

Semi monocoque

72
Q

What’s the primary purpose of ribs

A

Maintaining the correct contour of the wing covering and also a stress bearer

73
Q

What’s a truss type aircraft construction

A

Rigid framework made up of beams, struts and bars

Made of aluminium and rivets

74
Q

What carry’s the primary stresses in a monocoque construction

A

Skin

75
Q

What’s the semi monocoque structure also known as

A

The stressed skin structure

76
Q

What material is semi monocoque fuselage primarily made up of

A

Aluminium but in some high temp areas steel and titanium

77
Q

What’s the main advantage of semi monocoque structures

Another advantage

A

An withstand damage and still be strong enough to hold together

The structure of the bulk heads frames stringers and longerons facilitate the construction of a streamline fuselage

Doesn’t depend on a few structural member for strength and rigidity due to stressed skin

78
Q

What’s important to remember when making an aircraft with carbon fibre and alluminium

A

Care must be taken to avoid contact with each other as it will cause galvanic or electro chemical corrosion ( painting, anodising, seals Ra can be used to prevent this )

Strength to weight ratio

79
Q

What are common ways to protect structure from corrosion

A

Sacrificial layer (cladding or plating)

Sealant

Anodising

Painting

80
Q

Why’s there sometimes a third false spar in a wing

A

Adds an additional strong attachment point for landing gear

81
Q

What suppports the wing box

A

Keel beam and heavy frames

82
Q

What’s the wing box for

A

Attached to wings and provides support and rigidity

Absorbs impacts

83
Q

What’s the strongest point of the fuselage

A

Wing box

84
Q

What type of construction is the vertical stab

A

Semi monocoque

85
Q

What shape are nacelles and why

A

Round or epicyclic to reduce aerodynamic drag

86
Q

What’s the nacelle house

A

The engine and accessories like the mounts, firewalls, skin, cowling and structural members

87
Q

When are bolts used

A

In areas where high strength is required

88
Q

What’s the advantages of combining adhesive bonds and rivets

A

Weight saving, strength, durability

89
Q

What’s the most effective method assembly method

A

Adhesive bonding

90
Q

What’s the main uses for adhesives on ac

A

Bonding of stringers to skin fat fuselage and wings

And for honey comb structures for ailerons, elevators and tabs

91
Q

What does the type of surface protection depend on

A

The material
Function of the material
Location of the material

92
Q

What external areas are acceptable to not have surface protection

A

Leading edge of slats, wing tips and fences

Leading edge or engine intake cowls

External surfaces of pylon made of corrosion resistant metals

Scuff plates on doors

Equipment like a of a sensors and static ports

93
Q

What’s chromating

A

Pre treatment process that produces a protective oxide film and has a yellow appearance

94
Q

What’s the most common form of chromating

A

immerse the part in a potassium dichromate solution.

95
Q

What negative does paint have

A

Added weight

96
Q

What negative does paint have

A

Added weight

97
Q

What’s the two sections paint coatings can be divided into and what are they

A

Primer- gives the anti corrosion properties

Topcoat- protects the primer layers and gives a good appearance

98
Q

What are the two types of special coatings

A

Type 1- water repellent coating made of silicone free materials

Type 2- heavy duty corrosion preventive compound (can be soft or hard forming)

99
Q

How often do ac need to be washed

A

Prescribed maintenance periods

100
Q

What are the three main ways to clean an aircraft

How’s it decided which one will be used

A

Wet wash
Dry wash
Polishing

Depending I;the type and extent of the soil

101
Q

What type of wash would be used when the ac is greasy and oily

A

Wet wash

102
Q

What type of wash would be used on ac when there’s dust, small accumulations of dirt and soil

A

Dry

103
Q

What type of wash would be done on ac when wanting to restore brightness or colour to unpainted surfaces

A

Polish

104
Q

Why’s it important to use the appropriate cleaning agents when washing the ac

A

Can cause undesirable affects like hydrogen embrittlement in steel

105
Q

What type of solvents shouldn’t be used in the hangar due to toxic fumes

A

Chlorinated solvents

106
Q

Why’s it important to dilute washing solvents before washing windows

A

Can cause crazing

107
Q

What are some cases where aircraft symmetry and alignment checks should be carried out

A

Any major structural repair
The aircraft that has been subjected to severe conditions, such as a heavy landing, extreme turbulence, overspeeding, or violent manoeuvres
The flight crew reports unusual flight characteristics
Wrinkling or buckling of structural skins
Loose or sheared fasteners
Areas of badly fitting access and inspection panels

108
Q

What are some cases where aircraft symmetry and alignment checks should be carried out

A

Any major structural repair
The aircraft that has been subjected to severe conditions, such as a heavy landing, extreme turbulence, overspeeding, or violent manoeuvres
The flight crew reports unusual flight characteristics
Wrinkling or buckling of structural skins
Loose or sheared fasteners
Areas of badly fitting access and inspection panels

109
Q

What should be done before checking angle or position of components in alignment and symmetry checks

A

Jacked and levelled

110
Q

What alignment checks Are usually specified to be checked

A

Wing dihedral angle
Angle of incidence of wing and horizontal stab
Verticality of the wing
Engine alignment
Symmetry

111
Q

When checking the incidence of the wing what’s done to ensure that the wing is not twisted

A

It’s measured at 2 points

112
Q

What effects can happen as a result of misalignment

A

Dramatically change flight characteristics and impare the safe control of the aircraft as intended by the designer

M11 Resit (13 decks)

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