1.10 Manila

Question 1

The Phillipines (Manila)

Answer 1

Ranked 3rd in world risk index
Of the ten mist at risk cities from natural hazards in the world - eight of them are in the Phillipines
74% are exposed to 2 or more hazards
It is a multiple hazard zone
555 major hazard events between 1960-2015
2013 saw recent earthquake bohol and typhoon Haiyan hit within one month

Question 2

Tectonic context

Answer 2

Situated on a complex multiple plate boundary in the ‘ring of fire’
Has 37 volcanoes (18 are active)
12 destructive earthquakes recorded in last 40 years
Eastern and northern coasts face the Pacific Ocean (the worlds most tsunami prone ocean)

Question 3

Hydro meteorological context

Answer 3

Average of 20 typhoons hit the country, of which 7-10 of them are expected to be destructive
High risk of storm surges, floods and landslides

Question 4

Development context

Answer 4

-Rapidly developing country with large population (101 million)
-Rapid urbanisation has lead to large unplanned informal settlements and high population densities
-25% of the population live in poverty
-High levels of deforestation and widespread corruption

Question 5

Tectonic + hydro meteorological interactions

Answer 5

• Tectonic events leave steep slopes, rugged land and poor vegetation cover
• Extreme weather events / heavy rainfall saturate the soil and trigger mudslides and landslides, particularly if vegetation has been removed
• Heavy rain mixes with volcanic ash, creating large lahars might kill many people

Question 6

Key examples

Answer 6

1991 : Mt pinatubo + typhoon yunya
2006 : Mt Mahon + Typhoon durian

Question 7

1991: Mt Pinatubo + Typhoon Yunya

Answer 7

• June 15th saw the second largest eruption of the 20th century
• Rainfall mixed with volcanic ash to create devastating lahars (more damaging than the eruption itself)
• 847 dead
  -73,000 damaged
• Economic impact estimated $211 million
  Reduction in sunlight led to lowering of global temp by 0.4 degrees

Question 8

2006: Mt Mayon + Typhoon Durian

Answer 8

• Activity and perfect cone shape is a major tourist attraction and major source of local income
• Rainfall mixed with ash deposits and debris created mudflows and lahars that buried farms and villages, killing over 1250 people