1.1 The Skeletal System (Anatomy)

Question 1

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

Skull (cranium, mandible)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral column

Question 2

Parts of the Vertebral Column (+number of bones)

Answer 2

Cervical [7]
Thoracic [12]
Lumbar [5]
Sacral [5 fused as one]
Coccyx [4 fused as one]

Question 3

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 3

Scapula, clavicle
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 4

Four types of bones

Answer 4

Long, short, flat, irregular

Question 5

Long bone

Answer 5

Phalanges, clavicle, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus

Question 6

Short bone

Answer 6

Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals, metacarpals

Question 7

Flat bone

Answer 7

Scapula, cranium, sternum, pelvic girdle, ribs

Question 8

Irregular

Answer 8

Vertebral column

Question 9

Parts of a long bone

Answer 9

Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
Spongy bone, red marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, nutrient foramen

Question 10

Proximal epiphysis

Answer 10

Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is closest to where the bone attaches to the body

Question 11

Diaphysis

Answer 11

Shaft of the long bone

Question 12

Distal epiphysis

Answer 12

Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is furthest away from where the bone attaches to the body

Question 13

Spongy bone

Answer 13

Epiphysis is made of spongy bone; produces red bone marrow

Question 14

Red marrow

Answer 14

Bone marrow required for the production of blood cells (red and white blood cells + platelets)

Question 15

Articular cartilage

Answer 15

Thin hyline cartilage; covers the end of the bone to form joints; function is to reduce friction and absorb shock

Question 16

Periosteum

Answer 16

Membrane that is the outer lining of bone; important for growth, repair, nutrients, attachment of ligaments and tendons

Question 17

Compact bone

Answer 17

Diaphysis is made up of compact bone; relatively solid and dense; important for protection and support, resists the stress of weight placed on the bone

Question 18

Medullary cavity

Answer 18

Space within the diaphysis; where yellow bone marrow is stored

Question 19

Yellow marrow

Answer 19

Bone marrow that is yellow with fat

Question 20

Nutrient foramen

Answer 20

Small opening in the diaphysis; where blood vessels passes through to enter the medullary cavity; provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients

Question 21

Inferior

Answer 21

Below or further away from the head

Question 22

Superior

Answer 22

Above or nearer to the head

Question 23

Proximal

Answer 23

Closer to where a limb attaches to the body

Question 24

Distal

Answer 24

Further from where a limb attaches to the body

Question 25

Posterior

Answer 25

Behind or nearer to the back

Question 26

Anterior

Answer 26

In front or nearer to the front

Question 27

Lateral

Answer 27

Away from the midline of the body

Question 28

Medial

Answer 28

Closer to the midline of the body

Question 29

Types of connective tissue

Answer 29

Cartilage, tendon, ligament

Question 30

Cartilage

Answer 30

Soft material; reduce friction, acts as a shock absorber - protects bones from rubbing

Question 31

Tendon

Answer 31

Tough band - capable of withstanding tension; connects bone to muscle; regulate forces between muscle tissues during movement -> body remains stable

Question 32

Ligament

Answer 32

Strong band; connects bone to bone; elastic - allows movement in joints; helps stabilise (prevent injury - hyperextension + hyperflexion)

Question 33

Joint

Answer 33

Where 2 or more bones articulate

Question 34

Types of joints in relation to movement permitted

Answer 34

``` Fibrous = no movement Cartilaginous = limited movement Synovial = most responsible for movement ```

Question 35

Fibrous joints

Answer 35

- thin layer of fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue) connecting the edges of the 2 bones - no joint cavity e. g. sutures in the skull

Question 36

Cartilaginous joints

Answer 36

- connected by cartilage - fibrocartilage: tougher form e. g. between vertebrae in the spine - hyaline cartilage: shiny elastic material e. g. connecting ribs and the sternum - no joint cavity

Question 37

Synovial joints

Answer 37

- most commonly occurring joints | - has a joint cavity

Question 38

Features of a synovial joint

Answer 38

Articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments, articular capsule

Question 39

Articular cartilage

Answer 39

A smooth, white layer of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones; reduce friction, absorb shock, protect bones

Question 40

Synovial membrane

Answer 40

Lines the inside of the capsule; secretes synovial fluid

Question 41

Synovial fluid

Answer 41

Lubricates joint cavity, reduces friction, provides nutrients to the cartilage

Question 42

Bursae

Answer 42

Small fluid sacs found where 2 structures rub against each other; lined by synovial membrane

Question 43

Meniscus

Answer 43

discs of fibrocartilage found between some articulating bones; allow the bones to fit together more tightly - provide greater cushioning and stability to the joint

Question 44

Articular capsule

Answer 44

Sleeve-like structure that surrounds the joint; flexible enough to allow movement, tensile strength protects the join from dislocation

Question 45

Articular cavity

Answer 45

The space between the bones

Question 46

Types of synovial joints

Answer 46

Hinge, ball + socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle

Question 47

Hinge joint

Answer 47

A convex surface fits into a concave surface; permit motion only in one plane e.g. elbow, knee

Question 48

Ball and socket joint

Answer 48

Sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint

Question 49

Condyloid joint

Answer 49

Oval or egg shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface; up/down, left/right e.g. between the radius and carpal joint

Question 50

Pivot joint

Answer 50

Rounded surface of the one bone rolls around in a ring formed by bone and ligament; rotation around a single axis e.g. neck

Question 51

Gliding joint

Answer 51

One flat bone surface that slides over a similar surface; up/down, left/right, diagonally e.g. between the carpals // between the tarsals

Question 52

Saddle joint

Answer 52

A saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of a rider sitting in the saddle; movement in two planes e.g. between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb