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Sports Science > 1.1 The Skeletal System (Anatomy) > Flashcards

1.1 The Skeletal System (Anatomy) Flashcards

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1
Q

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

A

Skull (cranium, mandible)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral column

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2
Q

Parts of the Vertebral Column (+number of bones)

A 
Cervical [7]
Thoracic [12]
Lumbar [5]
Sacral [5 fused as one]
Coccyx [4 fused as one]
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3
Q

Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

A

Scapula, clavicle
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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4
Q

Four types of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular

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5
Q

Long bone

A

Phalanges, clavicle, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus

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6
Q

Short bone

A

Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals, metacarpals

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7
Q

Flat bone

A

Scapula, cranium, sternum, pelvic girdle, ribs

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8
Q

Irregular

A

Vertebral column

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9
Q

Parts of a long bone

A

Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
Spongy bone, red marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, nutrient foramen

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10
Q

Proximal epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is closest to where the bone attaches to the body

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11
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone

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12
Q

Distal epiphysis

A

Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is furthest away from where the bone attaches to the body

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13
Q

Spongy bone

A

Epiphysis is made of spongy bone; produces red bone marrow

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14
Q

Red marrow

A

Bone marrow required for the production of blood cells (red and white blood cells + platelets)

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15
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Thin hyline cartilage; covers the end of the bone to form joints; function is to reduce friction and absorb shock

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16
Q

Periosteum

A

Membrane that is the outer lining of bone; important for growth, repair, nutrients, attachment of ligaments and tendons

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17
Q

Compact bone

A

Diaphysis is made up of compact bone; relatively solid and dense; important for protection and support, resists the stress of weight placed on the bone

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18
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Space within the diaphysis; where yellow bone marrow is stored

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19
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Bone marrow that is yellow with fat

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20
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Small opening in the diaphysis; where blood vessels passes through to enter the medullary cavity; provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients

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21
Q

Inferior

A

Below or further away from the head

22
Q

Superior

A

Above or nearer to the head

23
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to where a limb attaches to the body

24
Q

Distal

A

Further from where a limb attaches to the body

25
Q

Posterior

A

Behind or nearer to the back

26
Q

Anterior

A

In front or nearer to the front

27
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body

28
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body

29
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Cartilage, tendon, ligament

30
Q

Cartilage

A

Soft material; reduce friction, acts as a shock absorber - protects bones from rubbing

31
Q

Tendon

A

Tough band - capable of withstanding tension; connects bone to muscle; regulate forces between muscle tissues during movement -> body remains stable

32
Q

Ligament

A

Strong band; connects bone to bone; elastic - allows movement in joints; helps stabilise (prevent injury - hyperextension + hyperflexion)

33
Q

Joint

A

Where 2 or more bones articulate

34
Q

Types of joints in relation to movement permitted

A 
Fibrous = no movement 
Cartilaginous = limited movement 
Synovial = most responsible for movement
35
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • thin layer of fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue) connecting the edges of the 2 bones
  • no joint cavity
    e. g. sutures in the skull
36
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • connected by cartilage
  • fibrocartilage: tougher form
    e. g. between vertebrae in the spine
  • hyaline cartilage: shiny elastic material
    e. g. connecting ribs and the sternum
  • no joint cavity
37
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • most commonly occurring joints

- has a joint cavity

38
Q

Features of a synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments, articular capsule

39
Q

Articular cartilage

A

A smooth, white layer of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones; reduce friction, absorb shock, protect bones

40
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Lines the inside of the capsule; secretes synovial fluid

41
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricates joint cavity, reduces friction, provides nutrients to the cartilage

42
Q

Bursae

A

Small fluid sacs found where 2 structures rub against each other; lined by synovial membrane

43
Q

Meniscus

A

discs of fibrocartilage found between some articulating bones; allow the bones to fit together more tightly - provide greater cushioning and stability to the joint

44
Q

Articular capsule

A

Sleeve-like structure that surrounds the joint; flexible enough to allow movement, tensile strength protects the join from dislocation

45
Q

Articular cavity

A

The space between the bones

46
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

Hinge, ball + socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle

47
Q

Hinge joint

A

A convex surface fits into a concave surface; permit motion only in one plane
e.g. elbow, knee

48
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone
e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint

49
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Oval or egg shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface; up/down, left/right
e.g. between the radius and carpal joint

50
Q

Pivot joint

A

Rounded surface of the one bone rolls around in a ring formed by bone and ligament; rotation around a single axis
e.g. neck

51
Q

Gliding joint

A

One flat bone surface that slides over a similar surface; up/down, left/right, diagonally
e.g. between the carpals // between the tarsals

52
Q

Saddle joint

A

A saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of a rider sitting in the saddle; movement in two planes
e.g. between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb

Sports Science (12 decks)

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