1.1 The Skeletal System (Anatomy) Flashcards
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Skull (cranium, mandible)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral column
Parts of the Vertebral Column (+number of bones)
Cervical [7] Thoracic [12] Lumbar [5] Sacral [5 fused as one] Coccyx [4 fused as one]
Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
Scapula, clavicle
Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Pelvic girdle
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Four types of bones
Long, short, flat, irregular
Long bone
Phalanges, clavicle, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, humerus
Short bone
Carpals, tarsals, metatarsals, metacarpals
Flat bone
Scapula, cranium, sternum, pelvic girdle, ribs
Irregular
Vertebral column
Parts of a long bone
Proximal epiphysis, diaphysis, distal epiphysis
Spongy bone, red marrow, articular cartilage, periosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, nutrient foramen
Proximal epiphysis
Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is closest to where the bone attaches to the body
Diaphysis
Shaft of the long bone
Distal epiphysis
Enlarged ends of the long bone; the head of the bone that is furthest away from where the bone attaches to the body
Spongy bone
Epiphysis is made of spongy bone; produces red bone marrow
Red marrow
Bone marrow required for the production of blood cells (red and white blood cells + platelets)
Articular cartilage
Thin hyline cartilage; covers the end of the bone to form joints; function is to reduce friction and absorb shock
Periosteum
Membrane that is the outer lining of bone; important for growth, repair, nutrients, attachment of ligaments and tendons
Compact bone
Diaphysis is made up of compact bone; relatively solid and dense; important for protection and support, resists the stress of weight placed on the bone
Medullary cavity
Space within the diaphysis; where yellow bone marrow is stored
Yellow marrow
Bone marrow that is yellow with fat
Nutrient foramen
Small opening in the diaphysis; where blood vessels passes through to enter the medullary cavity; provide the bone marrow and compact bone with blood and nutrients
Inferior
Below or further away from the head
Superior
Above or nearer to the head
Proximal
Closer to where a limb attaches to the body
Distal
Further from where a limb attaches to the body
Posterior
Behind or nearer to the back
Anterior
In front or nearer to the front
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
Medial
Closer to the midline of the body
Types of connective tissue
Cartilage, tendon, ligament
Cartilage
Soft material; reduce friction, acts as a shock absorber - protects bones from rubbing
Tendon
Tough band - capable of withstanding tension; connects bone to muscle; regulate forces between muscle tissues during movement -> body remains stable
Ligament
Strong band; connects bone to bone; elastic - allows movement in joints; helps stabilise (prevent injury - hyperextension + hyperflexion)
Joint
Where 2 or more bones articulate
Types of joints in relation to movement permitted
Fibrous = no movement Cartilaginous = limited movement Synovial = most responsible for movement
Fibrous joints
- thin layer of fibrous tissue (dense connective tissue) connecting the edges of the 2 bones
- no joint cavity
e. g. sutures in the skull
Cartilaginous joints
- connected by cartilage
- fibrocartilage: tougher form
e. g. between vertebrae in the spine - hyaline cartilage: shiny elastic material
e. g. connecting ribs and the sternum - no joint cavity
Synovial joints
- most commonly occurring joints
- has a joint cavity
Features of a synovial joint
Articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, bursae, meniscus, ligaments, articular capsule
Articular cartilage
A smooth, white layer of cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones; reduce friction, absorb shock, protect bones
Synovial membrane
Lines the inside of the capsule; secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid
Lubricates joint cavity, reduces friction, provides nutrients to the cartilage
Bursae
Small fluid sacs found where 2 structures rub against each other; lined by synovial membrane
Meniscus
discs of fibrocartilage found between some articulating bones; allow the bones to fit together more tightly - provide greater cushioning and stability to the joint
Articular capsule
Sleeve-like structure that surrounds the joint; flexible enough to allow movement, tensile strength protects the join from dislocation
Articular cavity
The space between the bones
Types of synovial joints
Hinge, ball + socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding, saddle
Hinge joint
A convex surface fits into a concave surface; permit motion only in one plane
e.g. elbow, knee
Ball and socket joint
Sphere shaped head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity on the other bone
e.g. shoulder joint, hip joint
Condyloid joint
Oval or egg shaped convex surface fits into a reciprocally shaped concave surface; up/down, left/right
e.g. between the radius and carpal joint
Pivot joint
Rounded surface of the one bone rolls around in a ring formed by bone and ligament; rotation around a single axis
e.g. neck
Gliding joint
One flat bone surface that slides over a similar surface; up/down, left/right, diagonally
e.g. between the carpals // between the tarsals
Saddle joint
A saddle shaped bone fits against another bone shaped like the legs of a rider sitting in the saddle; movement in two planes
e.g. between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
