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Biology > 1.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction > Flashcards

1.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal Sexual Reproduction Method

A
  1. Gametes are produced by parent organisms through meiosis
  2. each gamete contains half the necessary amount of chromosomes
    male gamete fertilisation the female gamete
    fusion of gametes results in a zygote
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2
Q

Advantages of Animals Sexual Reproduction

A

combination of chromosomes from two organisms increases variation, which assists with survival

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3
Q

Advantages of Animals External Fertilisation

A

Large number of gametes produced generally means more offspring
also simpler behavioural processes (does not require mating rituals)

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4
Q

Advantages of animal internal fertilisation

A

increased likelihood of fertilisation as egg and sperm are in close proximity - increased protection from environment - higher survival rates

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5
Q

Disadvantages of Animal Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Requires mating
  2. must sync fertility cycles
  3. production is slower and less prolific
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6
Q

Disadvantages of Animal External Fertilisation

A
  1. species must produce large numbers of gametes
  2. requires watery environment (difficult for amphibians)
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7
Q

Disadvantage of Animal Internal Fertilisation

A
  1. Fewer offspring are produced
  2. more difficult to bring males and females into contact
  3. higher risk of sexually transmitted infections passing between
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8
Q

Plants Sexual Reproduction Method

A
  • Flowers are the reproductive organs of sexually reproducing plants
  • Offspring are produced by the fusion of two haploid gametes
  • Male gametes (pollen) are produced and transferred to the female ovules (pollination)
  • ovules grow during fertilisation into seeds in a fruit which is dispersed once ripe
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9
Q

Plants Asexual Reproduction Method

A

(e.g vegetative reproduction)
structural modifications to the stem or roots of the plant results in the production of new individuals, without the need for production of seeds or spores

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10
Q

Advantages of Plant Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. creates a genetic diversity within species
  2. higher levels of disease resistance and ability to adapt to change
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11
Q

Advantages of Plant Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Offspring are clones of parents, meaning favourable traits are passed through
  2. economically advantageous for farmers
  3. it is less energy intensive
  4. population increase rapidly
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12
Q

Disadvantages of Plant Sexual Reproduction

A

1.Can prevent favourable genes from being passed to offspring (if its a recessive gene)

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13
Q

Disadvantages of Plant Asexual Reproduction

A
  1. Pathogens may spread easily from parent to offspring
  2. Reduction in genetic diversity increases susceptibility of species to new disease
  3. Evolution is reduced due to lack of genetic variation
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14
Q

Bacteria Asexual Reproduction Method

A

Binary Fission
- single cell divides into two identical daughter cells
- begins with DNA replication
- cell elongates and splits into two (cytokinesis)
- producing two daughter cells with identical genomic information

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15
Q

Bacteria Reproduction Advantages

A
  1. very rapid (E.coli)
  2. only requires a single organism
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16
Q

Bacteria Reproduction Disadvantages

A
  1. Lacks genetic diversity
  2. lows organism survival
17
Q

Protists Sexual Reproduction Method (Haploid)

A
  • Two Haploid cells fuse forming a new zygote
  • Genetic material is combined in new fused nucleus
  • Zygote undergoes meiosis to form new haploid cells
18
Q

Protists Sexual Reproduction Method (Diploid)

A
  • Adult cells undergo meiosis to produce 4 gametes
  • Gametes fuse during fertilisation to form diploid zygote
  • will grow into diploid adult
19
Q

Protists Asexual Reproduction Method

A
  • Binary fission
    Budding occurs when a new organism grows from the body of parent organism to form new colony
20
Q

Sexual Reproduction Advantages

A
  • Variation
  • Species better able to adapt to environments
  • Disease events less likely to effect entire population
21
Q

Sexual Reproduction disadvantages

A
  • Large time and energy investment
  • Requires mating
  • Fewer offspring produced
22
Q

Asexual Reproduction Advantages

A
  • Rapid population of an environoment
  • No requirement for mate
  • No requirement for investment in care of offspring
23
Q

Asexual Reproduction Disadvantages

A
  • Lack of diversity
  • May result in large scale extinction events
  • Reduced ability to adapt to external pressures

Biology (46 decks)

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