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A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY PAPER 1 > 11. RESEARCH METHODS > Flashcards

11. RESEARCH METHODS Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 types of data?

A

Primary
Secondary
Quantitative
Qualitative

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2
Q

Define RELIABILITY

A

the repeatability of an experiment

would the results be the same

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3
Q

Define REPRESENTATIVNESS

A

how far the research represents the whole of society or group.

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4
Q

Define VALIDITY

A

how far the results give a true or genuine picture (to real life)

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5
Q

POSITIVISM:

What are they and what to they like?

A

Macro approach
Likes structural theory’s like marxism and functionalism
They like quantitative, generalisable data

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6
Q

INTERPRETIVISM:

What are they and what do they like?

A

Micro approach
interactionism
like qualitative data and validity

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7
Q

PRACTICAL ISSUES:

what do they consist of?

A

Time
Money
Funding
Personal Factors like age

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8
Q

ETHICAL ISSUES:

what do they consist of?

A 
Legality and Immorality 
Consent
Deception
Harm 
Vulnerable Groups
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9
Q

THEORETICAL ISSUES:

what do they consist of

A

Reliability
Representativeness
Validity

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10
Q

SAMPLING:
Random Sampling
What is it and how do you carry it out?

A

Pulling names out of a hat
Adv: cheap quick easy and equal
Dis: not representative

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11
Q

SAMPLING:
Stratified Random
What is it and how do you carry it out?

A

Categories that reflect the society.
EG if 2.5% of the society are indian, then 2.5% of the sample are indian.
Adv: all groups represented
Dis: Costs more

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12
Q

SAMPLING:
Systematic
What is it and how do you carry it out?

A

Every nth person is chosen eg every 3rd person.
Adv: easy and cheap
Dis: if you change n it will be completely different so it’s not representative

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13
Q

SAMPLING:
Opportunities
What is it and how do you carry it out?

A

Selecting people who are available at the time
Adv: quick convenient economic
Dis: Unrepresentative and biased

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14
Q

SAMPLING:
Snowball
What is it and how do you carry it out?

A

Gain access to initial contact and who help the researcher recruit more sample people.
Adv: allows access to hard to reach groups
Dis: lack of control, limited access, some groups won’t want to be found

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15
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Questionnaires:
Advantages

A 
P = not time consuming, cheap, large sample size, large amounts of data
E = anonymous response, informed consent 
R= large sample 
R= reliable, standardised and no researcher influence 
T= Positivists
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16
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Questionnaires
Disadvantages

A 
P = you don’t know who fills it out, low response rate, might need and incentive
E = no suitable for sensitive questions 
V = no in depth info, may lie
R = represented low of response rate is low 
T = not enough validity
17
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Covert Participant
Advantages

A 
P = the only way to get data from deviant groups 
V = valid as behaviour is witnessed first hand and they don’t know they’re being witnessed 
T = Interpretivists say it’s the best research method
18
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Covert Participant
Disadvantages

A 
P = gaining access is difficult, can be dangerous
E = no consent and there’s deception 
R = researcher it’s dangerous to repeat
V = cannot openly make notes 
R = doesn’t represent society as a whole
19
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Covert Non-Participant
Advantages

A 
V = valid as behaviour isn’t affected by researcher or hawthorne effect 
T = interpretivists favour as its high validity
20
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Covert Non-Participant
Disadvantages

A 
P = access is difficult, staying covert is difficult if you’re not participating 
E = Deception and no consent
R = reliability hard to access as quality of data is obtained  
V = hard to remember it all as cover you can’t make notes openly 
R = small sample size
21
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Overt Participant
Advantages

A 
P = no bias, leaving will be easier and the researcher can ask open  and naïve questions 
E = the group know they’re being observed so can give consent 
V = high depth info is collected 
T = interpretevists
22
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Overt Participant
Disadvantages

A 
P = can be dangerous at times 
R = it’s unlikely it can be replicated 
V = hawthorne
R = small size
23
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Overt Non-Participant
Advantages

A 
E = consent 
V = high detail level
T = I
24
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Observations
Overt Non-Participant
Disadvantages

A 
P = easy to record notes 
R = reliability hard to access data
V = observers presence = hawthorne effect
R = small sample size
25
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Interviews
Structured
Advantages

A 
P = high response rate, quick and cheap and no researcher training
E = permission 
R = standardised with a set list of questions so can be repeated
R = large sample size
T = positivist
26
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Interviews
Structured
Disadvantages

A 
P = schedule means tight time, can’t elaborate on questions
E = dead pan delivery, no emotion so sensitive questions could cause distress and harm
V = can’t probe, hawthorne effect
R = smaller sample size means no representative
27
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Interviews
Unstructured
Advantages

A 
P = can explore ideas not prior known 
E = consent 
V = high in validity and rich and interesting data, more questions can be asked 
T = I
28
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Interviews
Unstructured
Disadvantages

A 
P = no structure, expensive researcher training 
E = probing may cause distress 
V = lie
R = small sample 
R = open ended questions mean any answer can be given therefore not standardised and impossible to replicate
29
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Experiments
Lab
Advantages

A 
P = controlled, statistical data 
R = can be repeated, it’s detached so the researcher can manipulate to get the same results 
V = less biased
T = P
30
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Experiments
Lab
Disadvantages

A 
P = issues in society are difficult to test and manipulate so society can’t be measured for cause and effect 
E = lack of consent, deception and harm
V = no in depth measuring, highly artificial and hawthorne effect
R = small sample
31
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Experiments
Field
Advantages

A 
P = can properly experiment in society and see people act normal 
V = behaviour is real, no hawthorne effect and is true to real life 
T = I
32
Q

PRIMARY METHODS:
Experiments
Field
Disadvantages

A 
P = no control, access can be hard 
E = no consent and possible harm 
R = can’t be repeated 
R = small sample
33
Q

SECONDARY METHODS
Official Statistics
Advantages

A 
P = cheap, easy, quick 
E = no ethical concerns as it already exists 
R = high quantity and can be done again 
R = official statistics have large samples 
T = P
34
Q

SECONDARY METHODS
Official Statistics
Disadvantages

A 
P = trouble access, the definition used for the stats may be different for what the researcher needs 
E = how ethical was the original project 
R = no control over how reliable it is as there could be coding errors
V = unaware of factors affecting validity and they can’t offer experience of emotion and could have political bias 
R = no control over sample size and some people may no report for crimes etc
35
Q

SECONDARY METHODS
Documents
Advantages

A 
P = ready available, cheap, the only source for past events 
E = informed consent 
V = in depth info from a perspective of the time, first hand experience, high validity as true to society
T = I
36
Q

SECONDARY METHODS
Documents
Disadvantages

A 
P = access to personal can be hard, credibility is questionable 
E = invasion of privacy, confidentiality 
R = unreliable as the events can’t be repeated or cross checked / verified 
V = bias
R = unrepresentative as its hard to find sources for the same topic
37
Q

Comparative method

A

carried out in own brain

Durkheim suicide

A LEVEL SOCIOLOGY PAPER 1 (12 decks)

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