1.1 Quizes Flashcards
Three principal dietary monosaccharides are:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Carbohydrates are comprised of 3 different elements. What are they?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
(hydrated carbon)
What are the 3 principal disaccharides?
What is table sugar known as? What is in it?
Maltose
1.glucose & fructose
Polysaccharides such as starches, glycogen, and cellulose are comprised of long chains of _____ molecules
glucose
Lactose, aka milk sugar, consists of glucose and _____
galactose
Sugar molecules are joined together through ____ bonds
glycosidic
Monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream primarily in the villi of the ____
small intestine
_____ The storage form of carbohydrates in the human body can be found in the liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen
List two health benefits of adequate dietary fiber consumption
- add bulk (satiety)
- Decrease Glycemic index
- Increases intestinal mobilization
- Lowers cholesterol
- removes intestinal carcinogens
- Balances intestinal PH
- Aids weight management and body composition.
Dietary fiber can lower blood cholesterol levels by binding to ____, which is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
bile
Although processing CHOs can increase product shelf life and palability, processed CHOs can significantly ___ blood sugar (glucose) in a relatively short period of time.
Increases (processed CHOS)
Normoglycemia
< 70 mg/dL
Hypoglycemia
70-110mg/L
Hormone that facilitates glucose uptake from circulation (reduces blood glucose)
Insulin
Hyperglycemia
< 200 mlg
The large endocrine gland secretes digestive enzymes into the intestine and also secretes insulin and glucagon via specialized cells.
pancreas
glucagon
Hormone that facilitates an increase in blood glucose concentration
The storage form of CHO can be found in the liver and skeletal muscle
glycogen (in animals)
Starch in plants
Conversion of an amino acid into a new amino acid following breakdown; the amino group from an amino acid is transferred to an alpha-ketoacid
Transamination
Process of new protein creation or building of tissues in response to signaling stimuli such as nutrition or exercises
protein synthesis
Approximately 90% of nitrogen loss occurs through this process, which takes place in the liver
urea cycle
Breakdown of amino acids to create energy, produce a different type of amino acid based on need, limit unhealthy tissue decay or serve another homeostatic function
AN important gluconeogenesis process that begins with leucine breakdown in the muscle and ends with glucose formation in the liver
Removal of amino group (-NH2) from amino acids
deamination
The carbon Skeleton remains of deamination
alpha-ketoacid
The primary amino acids oxidized during endurance exercise; also the most important amino acid for muscle protein synthesis
Lucine
Historically, the term is given to dietary protein sources.
complete protein
“High quality” = high concentration
Occurs the following exercise as long a protein is ingested; leads to protein synthesis
positive protein balance
How many amino acids are required in the adult diet?
9 essential amino acids
but 20 total amino acids
What amino acid is often considered conditionally essential for children?
Arginine
All of the following are branched-chain amino acids, except:
Lucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Glutamine
Glutamine
The conversion of amino acid structures into other amino acids is called.
Transamination
__________ include higher concentrations all of the essential amino acids and are therefore optimal for reducing the risk for deficiencies.
Complete Proteins (mostly From animal food)
True or False? Pea protein is becoming a popular supplement due to its bioavailability and impact on satiety and glucose control
____ Is the breakdown of amino acids to create energy, produce a different type of amino acid based on need,
Deamination
___ is a highly digestible milk protein rich in leucine that is popular for post-exercise consumption
whey protein
The minimum protein intake (RDA) for adults for an adult is (___)
0.8 g/kg
When recommending protein intake, sources should be consumed every
3-4 hours
What supplemental protein is recommended following resistance due to its fast digestibility rate and high leucine content?
Whey Protein
What vegetable is often used for supplemental protein?
Peas
Which form has the highest concentration of supplemental protein?
At least to most concentration:
1. Powder
2. Concentrate
3. Isolate
True or False? Hemp can be used as an effective protein supplement.
False?
Individuals with __ should not consume high quantities of protein.
Kidney issues.
____ is recommended as supplemental protein pre-sleep
Casein Protein
(takes body longer to break down, to prevent the catabolic while you sleep)
