11: NHS Flashcards
When was NHS founded?
founded in 1948 under the reforming post-war Labour government.
Designed to take carae of the sick and vulnerable from ‘cradle to grave’
to be universally available and ‘free at the point of need’
but by 1951 charges had already been introduced for perscriptions, spectacltes and dentist visits.
What is the state of the nhs today?
receives about £180bn of public money
UK health spending is about 12% of GDP
Employs 1.4 million people making it oen of the largst employers in the world
in nhs england there area bout 122,000 doctors and 299,000 nurses
42 integrated care systems
How is the nhs funded?
80% comes from general taxation
20% from national insurance contributions, land sales and charges to patients
Thatcher reforms NHS
The conservative administration under maggy thatcher, introduced the idea of the ‘internal market’ in the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act, remainign controversial.
Splits NHS into purchasers or commissioners that buy NHS services on the behalf of patients ,and providers such as NHS hospital trusts supply these services.
The discipline of the market will drive efficiency and improve service similar to open market
how did Blair reform?
He hugely increased funding but kept idea of internal marketing.
In 2002 Primary Care Trusts were established which commissiond health care from the providers. some NHS trusts were given self-governing status and became Foundation trusts and 28 strategic health authorities were set up to work with PCTs to buy health care.
The 2003 Health and Social Care Act proved hugely controversial because it allowed PCTs to purchase care from private providers or even from abroad to reduce waiting lists.
How did Cameron reform?
the coalition gov wanted to give money directly to GPs from the government who provided most of the care.
The 2012 Health and Social Care Act abolished PCTs and handed commissioning of health care to GPs, nurses, hospital doctoras and the public, called Clinical Commissionign Groups.
All NHS trusts became Foundation trusts and were encouraged to become non profit companies that could generate their own income from selling private treatment.
Foundation hospitals are semi-autonomous within the NHS and a degree of independene.
NHS trusts have to compete for business with any qualified provided in the voluntary or private sector.
How did the Health and Care Act 2022 reform?
Clinical Commissioning Groups were abolished.
Act designed to support collaboration, rather than competition adn to provide joint services to improve health.
sets up new partnerships- Intergrated Care System- to bring providers and commissioners of health care together with local authorities to plan health care.
The ICS will comprise of integrated Care Boards, responsible for NHS strategic planning and allocation decisions, and integrated care partnerships, responsible for bringingtogether a wider set of system partners to develop a plan to address the broader health, public health and social care needs of the local population.
What is the state of NHS cuttently
Money flows to NHS englandfrom central government promoting high quality health care.
Supports 42 Integrated Care Systems
ICB AND ICP
ICs have the potential to reach beyond the NHS to work alongside local authorities and other partners to address wider determinants of health.
What is Monitor
It is the health care regulator that licenses health care providers, regulated prices and makes sure essentrial services continue if a provider runs into trouble
What is Care Quality Commission
inspects hospitals, care homes, dental and gp surgeries, issues reports.
Healthwatch
represents views of patients
Parliamentary and health service ombudsman
deals with complaints
national institute for health and care excellence
provides national guidance and advice to improve health and social care includign approving new drugs
