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HOS Final > 11 Male Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

11 Male Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the testis?

A

Spermatogenesis and testosterone synthesis

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2
Q

how much does the temperature of the testis differ from core body temperature?

A

2 degrees celsius below core temperature

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3
Q

what acts as a countercurrent heat exchanger to cool blood entering the testes?

A

pampiniform plexus

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4
Q

what raises and lowers testes in response to temperature changes?

A

cremasteric muscle

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5
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of fetal testis to descend

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6
Q

what hormone regulates the descent of the testis?

A

testosterone

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7
Q

what are the coiled loops called in which germinal epithelial cells differentiate into mature sperm?

A

seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

which cells are joined together by tight junctions to form the blood-testis barrier?

A

Sertoli cells

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9
Q

which cells provide the signals that initiate spermatogenesis and sustain spermatid development?

A

sertoli cells

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10
Q

what cells are responsible for phagocytizing damaged sperm cells?

A

Sertoli cells

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11
Q

what do sertoli cells secrete prior to puberty that is essential for spermatogenesis, and what enzyme do they use to make it?

A

estradiol, via aromatase

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12
Q

what cells synthesize estradiol after puberty into adulthood?

A

Leydig cells, as well as immature germ cells and spermatozoa

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13
Q

T/F: testicular estrogens inhibit androgen production.

A

T

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14
Q

What stimulates secretion of androgen binding protein from sertoli cells?

A

FSH

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15
Q

what is the function of androgen-binding protein?

A

binds testosterone and estradiol and carries these steroids to maturing sperm in the lumen of seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

how do sertoli cells maintain immune privilege in the seminiferous tubules?

A

they produce the FAS ligand that binds to the FAS receptor on T lymphocytes and triggers apoptosis

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17
Q

what major proteins do sertoli cells secrete?

A

androgen binding proteins, transferrin, plasminogen activator

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18
Q

what is a proteolytic enzyme important in spermiation?

A

plasminogen activator, which converts plasminogen to plasmin

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19
Q

what two hormones secreted by the fetal testes regulate phenotypic gender expression?

A

testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting substance

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20
Q

Outline the pathway of the mature sperm.

A

testis -> epididymus -> vas deferens -> prostate gland -> penile urethra

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21
Q

where does maturation of sperm reach completion?

A

epididymus

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22
Q

how long does it take sperm to travel through the epididymus?

A

12-26 days

23
Q

What is the enlarged area of the vas deferens just before it enters the prostate, and what does it store?

A

ampulla, sperm storage

24
Q

where along the male reproductive tract do the seminal vesicles empty their contents?

A

ampulla of vas deferens

25
Q

what fluid do the seminal vesicles secrete, and what is its function?

A

seminal fluid; it adds bulk to semen and also contains fructose, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins, which facilitate movement of sperm through female reproductive tract

26
Q

what male reproductive organ secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid containing citrate, ca2+, clotting enzyme, and profibrinolysin?

A

prostate

27
Q

what is the purpose of prostatic fluid?

A

it adds bulk to semen and neutralizes acidic fluid of vas deferens and vaginal secretions

28
Q

what do bulbourethral glands secrete?

A

A clear, viscous fluid that acts as a lubricant

29
Q

T/F: the average number of sperm ejaculated is 60 - 70 million/ml, and less than 20 million results in infertility

A

t

30
Q

what is the difference between emission and ejaculation?

A

emission is an involuntary discharge, as during sleep;

ejaculation is the discharge of semen from an erect penis at the moment of sexual climax

31
Q

what is the function of the clotting enzyme of prostatic fluid?

A

it causes the fibrinogen of the seminal vesicle to form a weak coagulum that holds semen in deeper region of vagina

32
Q

what is the activation of sperm for final process of fertilization known as?

A

capacitation

33
Q

what is the function of fertilization promoting peptide produced in the prostate gland?

A

it is essential for capacitation of the sperm; it increases adenylyl cyclase activity in the sperm

34
Q

what hormone stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

A

LH

35
Q

physiological levels of what hormone increase leydig cell LH receptors

A

prolactin

36
Q

which hormone stimulates sertoli cells to secrete ABP and produce nutrients for spermatogenesis?

A

FSH

37
Q

what effect does growth hormone have on spermatogenesis and the testes?

A

It promotes early division of spermatogonia and is important for background metabolic function of testes

38
Q

T/F: both sexes use a common enzymatic pathway for steroid biosynthesis

A

T

39
Q

which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol?

A

aromatase

40
Q

T/F: the majority of testosterone circulates in the blood as free unbound hormone.

A

F; only 2% is free, and the rest is bound to sex steroid-binding globulin or albumin

41
Q

GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of what two homones from the anterior pituitary?

A

LH and FSH

42
Q

what hormone do sertoli cells secrete that selectively inhibits FSH secretion?

A

inhibin Beta

43
Q

what is the role of the hormone activin?

A

its roles is to antagonize inhibin beta secretion and stimulate FSH release

44
Q

which fetal hormone is responsible for development of male body characteristics?

A

fetal testosterone

45
Q

which hormone is secreted within the first three months of birth to induce masculinization of the brain?

A

there is a peak of testosterone secretion shortly after birth, which is aromatized to estrogen. estrogen is what induces masculinization of the brain.

46
Q

how do female fetuses avoid masculinization of the brain from estrogen?

A

they use alpha fetoprotein to bind up the estrogen

47
Q

what is the decrease in male sexual function due to decline in testosterone called?

A

male climacteric

48
Q

what is the effect of testosterone in males after puberty?

A

testosterone causes enlargement of the penis, scrotum, and testes, and results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics

49
Q

T/F: testosterone increases hepatic synthesis of VLDL and decreases synthesis of HDL, leading to an increased risk of coronary artery disease?

A

T

50
Q

what is the intracellular mode of action of testosterone?

A

testosterone diffuses into cells and is metabolized to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5 alpha reductase. DHT binds to an intracellular receptor, and the DHT-receptor complex binds to DNA sequences to initiate transcription

51
Q

what direct effects does testosterone have on tissues that lack the 5 alpha aromatase enzyme?

A

development of epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles; effects on musculature and skeleton; effects on spermatogenesis, libido and deepening of voice

52
Q

what effects does DHT have on its target tissues?

A

growth of prostate, male pattern baldness, activity of sebaceous glands, growth of pubic and underarm hair, and growth of penis

53
Q

T/F: growth of malignant prostatic cancer cells is stimulated by LSH.

A

F; it is stimulated by testosterone

54
Q

what are some of the symptoms of teratoma?

A

may secrete estrogens and cause gynecomastia or hCG which leads to higher testosterone levels (increased gonad size and function)

HOS Final (12 decks)

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