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HOS Final > 1 Endocrine-Gland Histology > Flashcards

1 Endocrine-Gland Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine organs can be described as?

A

1) ductless

2) arranged into cords or follicles.

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2
Q

what does neuroendocrine mean?

A

signaling molecules are made by the cell body of a neuron and secreted into the blood stream to target cells.
Ex: ADH release from supraoptic nucleus

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3
Q

what does paracrine mean?

A

signaling molecules are secreted locally in dispersed into interstitial fluid to target cell.
Ex: G cells targeting chief cells

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4
Q

what is autocrine signaling?

A

the molecules act on the same cell that secreted them. This is a + feedback loop which can happen in T cells during activation.

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5
Q

what is juxtacrine signaling?

A

signaling molecules remain attached to secreted cells surface and effect the target cells when they make contact.
Ex: Notch signaling in heart development

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6
Q

what is endocrine signaling?

A

signaling molecules are secreted into the blood stream.

Ex: TSH that acts on the thyroid to release T3 and T4. (most common pathway)

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7
Q

What is DNES?

A

Diffuse Nueroendocrine System. Its the diffuse endocrine cells that make up the whole endocrine system.

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8
Q

what hormones are released from the pituitary gland?

A 
ADH
FSH
LH
ACTH
GH
TSH
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Melanocyte releasing hormone
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9
Q

which hormones are made and released from the posterior pituitary gland?

A

none are made there, but ADH and Oxytocin are released.

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10
Q

what does the thyroid gland release?

A 
calcitonin
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
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11
Q

what do the parathyroid hormones release?

A

Parathryroid hormone

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12
Q

what do the adrenal glands release?

A

Cortisol
Epi
Norepi

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13
Q

what do the kidneys release?

A

renin
erythropoietin
calcitrol

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14
Q

what do the testis secrete?

A

andorgens

inhibin

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15
Q

what do the ovaries secrete?

A

estrogen
progesterone
inhibin

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16
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete?

A 
ADH and Oxytocin
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
corticotrophin releasing hormone
Growth hormone releasing hormone
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17
Q

what does the pineal gland release?

A

melatonin

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18
Q

what major hormones does the GI tract release?

A

CCK
Gastrin
Secretin

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19
Q

what hormones does the pancreas release?

A

Glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

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20
Q

what is the adenohypophysis? where does it form from?

A

1) the anterior pituitary gland.

2) It forms from an upgrowth of oral ectoderm.

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21
Q

what is the stomadeum?

A

the clump of oral ectoderm that eventually forms the anterior pituitary gland.

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22
Q

what are the 3 parts to the adenohypophysis?

A

1) pars tuberalis
2) pars intermediate
3) pars distalis

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23
Q

what is the remnant of an embryological space within the ectoderm upgrowth of the adenohypophysis called?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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24
Q

what is the neurohypophysis? what is it derived from?

A

1) posterior pituitary gland

2) composed of ectoderm that forms the diencephalon

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25
Q

The neurohypophysis has 6 major contributors (Inputs) which include?

A

1) Supraoptic nucleus
2) Paraventricular nucleus
3-5) Hypothalamo-hypophyseotrophic area (arcuate, periventricular, dorsal nuclei)
6) Median eminence

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26
Q

what is the neural stock of the neurohypophysis called? what about the tract or pathway? what is the lower enlarged part of the gland called?

A

1) infundibulum
2) hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
3) pars nervosa

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27
Q

The supraoptic nucleus secretes what? paraventricular nucleus?

A

1) ADH

2) Oxytocin=paraventricular

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28
Q

what is the function of arcuate, periventricular, and dorsal nuclei in relation to the posterior pit. gland?

A

They produce pituitary regulating hormones.

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29
Q

where are the Rathke’s cysts found?

A

In the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis

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30
Q

what are the 3 cell types that we need to know in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

1) acidophils
2) basophils
3 chromophobes

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31
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

The site of storage and release of hypothalamic regulatory hormones.

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32
Q

What stores and releases the hormones in the posterior pituitary gland? what are the cells of the posterior pituitary gland called?

A

1) terminal axons of the tract.

2) pituicytes

33
Q

where are regulatory hormones released for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

in the median eminence in the primary hypophyseal plexus.

34
Q

Where do the regulatory hormones go from the primary hypophyseal plexus?

A

down the long portal veins and into the secondary hypophyseal plexus.

35
Q

what do the posterior neurohypophysis hormones get released into?

A

The plexus of the posterior pars nervosa. From there it leaves through the efferent hypophysial vein and ends up in the cavernous sinus.

36
Q

which artery mainly supplies the adenohypophysis?n Neurohypophysis?

A

1) superior hypophyseal artery

2) inferior hypophyseal artery

37
Q

what are the two types of acidophils in the anterior pituitary gland and what do they do?

A

1) somatotrophs (secretes GH)

2) Mammotropes (secretes prolactin)

38
Q

what are the three types of basophils in the ant. pituitary gland?

A

1) gonadotropes ( sectete FSH and LH)
2) Thyrotopes (secretes TSH)
3) Corticotropes (secretes ACTH)

39
Q

Specifically, what does TSH do?

A

it stimulates the follicle cellsof thyroid to produce thryoglobulin and T3/T4.

40
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

promotes milk production and mammary gland development.

41
Q

What does FSH do?

A

1) promotes follicle development in the ovary and

2) spermatogenesis in the testis.

42
Q

what does LH do?

A

1) triggers ovulation

2) andorgen production in the testis.

43
Q

What are chromophobes thought to be?

A

stem cells

44
Q

what is the difference between giantism and acromegaly?

A 
giantism= too much GH as a child
acromegaly= too much GH as an adult.
45
Q

what do somatotropes release and what is their major target?

A

somatotrophes release GH, and target organ is the liver

46
Q

what do mammotropes release and what is their major target?

A

mammotropes release prolactin, major targets are the mammary glands

47
Q

what releases FSH and LH? where do these 2 hormones act?

A

Gonadotropes.

They act on the ovaries and testis

48
Q

what Releases TSH? Where are they located?

A

thyrotrope located in the anterior pituitary gland.

49
Q

what do corticotropes release? stimulate?

A

they release ACTH from anterior pituitary gland
They stimulate the release of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata (cortisol) and gonadocorticoids from the zona reticularis (DHEA)

50
Q

What makes ADH?

A

supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus

51
Q

what does oxytocin do? where is is made? released?

A

1) oxytocin triggers mammary gland milk ejection, and uterine contractions. It also has an effect of sperm ejection.
2) It is made from the paraventricular nuclei
3) it is released from posterior pit. gland

52
Q

what pathway does ADH have to take in order to get to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

the hypothalamo hypophyseal tract

53
Q

Where is ADH and oxytocin stored until it is ready to be released?

A

In the pars nervosa of posterior pit. gland but in the nerves themselves. These are called Herring bodies.

54
Q

which nuclei in the hypothalamus regulate the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Paraventricular
Arcuate
Dorsal nuclei

55
Q

Where are the regulatory hormones for the anterior pituitary gland stored? How do they get to the anterior pituitary gland?

A

1) stored in the median eminence where the regulatory hormones will be released into the primary hypophyseal plexus—->long hypophyseal portal veins—-> secondary hypophyseal plexus (target cells in ant. pituitary gland pars distalis)

56
Q

What stimulates GH secretion? which nuclei

A

GHRH released from arcuate nucleus

57
Q

what inhibits GH secretion?

A

Somatostatin AKA growth hormone inhibitory hormone

58
Q

which hormone stimulates LH and FSH secretion?

A

GRH

59
Q

which nucleus in the hypothalamus releases dopamine? what is dopamines function here?

A

arcuate nucleus

dopamine inhibits the secretion of prolactin

60
Q

what does CTRH do?

A

stimulates the release of ACTH

61
Q

what do pinealocytes release? when?

A

The pineal gland secretes melatonin at night in response to absence of light.

62
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

it targets the arcuate nucleus where it inhibits the release of GTRH which in turn inhibits FSH and LH

63
Q

where do you find interstitial cells?

A

in the pineal gland.

Pineal gland cells include: pinealocytes, interstitial cells, and corpora arenacea (brain sand)

64
Q

what is precocious puberty?

A

early or late onset puberty because of problems in the pineal gland.

a) melatonin inhibits sexual development so during puberty, low melatonin levels are required.
b) decreased melatonin can cause accelerated ovary/testis growth and early puberty.
c) light/tumor can cause a decrease in melatonin.

65
Q

what fills the thyroid follicle?

A

colloid

66
Q

what do follicular cells do?

A

1) make thyroglobin
2) intake iodide to make into iodine
3) release T3, T4
4) combine thyroglobulin and iodide to make iodinated thyroglobulin which is colloid.

67
Q

what makes T3 and T4?

A

Once the TSH signal hits the follicular cells in the thyroid, the iodinated thyroglobulin (colloid) is reabsorbed and digested in the lysosome to make T3 and T4.

68
Q

what do T3 and T4 do?

A

Regulate nearly every cells metabolism.

a) fat and carb. metabolism
b) increased HR
c) increased temperature
d) CNS development

69
Q

what do parafollicular cells do?

A

AKA C cells or clear cells

These cells secrete calcitonin to decrease calcium levels in the blood.

70
Q

what are the tree types of cells found in the parathryroid gland?

A

1) cheif cells (PTH sectetion)
2) oxyphilic cells
3) Adipocytes

71
Q

what do you see in hypoparathyroidism?

A

deficiency of secretion of PTH by chief cells in parathyroid gland, low blood calcium levels, muscle tetany.

72
Q

what are the tree areas of the adrenal cortex, and what does each area secrete?

A

1) zona glomerulosa (secretes aldosterone)
2) Zona fasciculate (sectetes glucocorticoids)
3) Zona reticularis (secretes DHEA)

73
Q

what causes the secretion of aldosterone?

A

1) ACTH

2) angiotensin II

74
Q

T/F ACTH causes the release of ADH, Cortisol and DHEA?

A

False.

ALDOSTERONE, CORTISOL, and DHEA

75
Q

what is DHEA?

A

it is the precursor for major sex hormones such as testosterone.

76
Q

What type of cells do you find in the adrenal medulla? what do they secrete?

A

chromaffin cells in the medulla secrete epi and norepi.

Chromaffin cells are modified postgangleonic cells.

77
Q

Where do glucocorticoids act?

A

(coricosteroid and cortisol act mainly on the liver and immune system to promote gluconeogenesis and suppress the inflammatory response.

78
Q

what are the four cell types that are found in the islets of langerhans? what do they each do?

A

1) alpha cells (Glucagon)
2) beta cells (insulin)
3) delta cells (somatostatin that inhibits A and D cell secretion in the pancreas, also inhibits GH secretion)
4) F cells (pancreatic polypeptide which inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion)

HOS Final (12 decks)

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