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HOS Final > 10 Female Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

10 Female Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of menstrual cycle?

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

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2
Q

Which hormones mainly influence female sex characteristics?

A

estrogen, progesterone

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3
Q

what is the order of hormones during a cycle? (begin at menstruation)

A

estrogen for follicular/proliferative phase, progesterone for secretory phase, then both low causes menstruation

[mnemonic: If you’re a woman you will, 1st have estrogen, 2nd be a “pro”(gesterone), then die! (both drop)

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4
Q

Placenta secretes what?

A

hCG (chorionic gonadotropin), plus estrogen, progesterone, hCS (somatomammotropin), relaxin

[hCG is “the hormone to rule them all”]

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5
Q

Milk secretion (lactation) requires what hormones?

A

-estrogen, progesterone, GH, cortisol, insulin, prolactin, oxytocin

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6
Q

Where do embryonic germ cells come from?

A

yolk sac

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7
Q

What causes ovaries to remain dormant until puberty?

A

lack of LH/FSH

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8
Q

Kisspeptin does what?

A

Kisspeptin -> GnRH secretion (hypothalamus) -> LH, FSH secretion (ant. pituitary)

[Kisspeptin is also a tumor metastasis suppressor, lucky! Kisspeptin defects mean tiny or big gonads-> early puberty]

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9
Q

How many eggs when born? How many ovulate?

A

1 million, 300

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10
Q

What groups have early puberty?

A

Mexicans, Africans, obese

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11
Q

Look at the graphs on pg. 5 for a while… really grasp these, they tie together much of this lecture

A

:)

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12
Q

FSH in follicular phase stimulates what?

A
  • Follicle growth
  • granulosa cell growth (and thus estradiol)
  • Increases LH receptors (later)
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13
Q

Granulosa cells do what 2 important things?

A
  • convert androgens made by theca cells into estradiol

- Make progesterone

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14
Q

Estradiol has what important effects in follicular phase? (BESIDES secondary sex characteristics?)

A
  • Up estrogen receptors

- Up FSH receptors

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15
Q

LH in follicular phase stimulates what?

A

theca cell growth (and thus androgens->estradiol)

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16
Q

What causes the preovulatory LH/FSH surge?

A

Estradiol levels blossoming from the ovaries give pos. feedback to the pituitary

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17
Q

What causes ovulation?

A
  • LH/FSH synergistically swell the follicle, estrogen drops 1 day prior, and tiny bit of progesterone is secreted. -Theca externa releases collagenase that weaken follicle wall
  • It bursts!
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18
Q

what protects the egg once it leaves the ovary?

A

cloud of granulosa cells (corona radiata)

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19
Q

LH in ovulation phase stimulates what?

A

neutralizes luteinizing-inhibiting factor in preovulatory fluid

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20
Q

Corpus luteum releases what? Why?

A
  • lots progesterone, some androgens->estrogens

- To make the uterus a cozy egg-home

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21
Q

LH drop in luteal phase is caused by?

A
  • estrogen inhibits LH
  • progesterone inhibits GnRH
  • inhibin B inhibits FSH
  • inhibin A inhibits FSH, LH
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22
Q

What makes inhibin A and B? (glycoproteins)

A

A: corpus luteum, placenta
B: granulosa cells

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23
Q

What does inhibin A do during pregnancy?

A

prevent FSH secretion to conserve follicles (stop them being ovulated)

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24
Q

What allows corpus luteum to keep living in pregnancy?

A

hCG

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25
Q

What effects does estrogen have on secondary sex characteristics? (global card, try to understand more than memorize)

A
  • Vagina: Cuboidal -> Strat. Squamous (more resilient)
  • Uterus: stroma, gland development
  • Fallopians: more beating cilia and glands
  • Breasts: deposit fat/stroma and gland growth, and extra cancerous
  • Bones: Stronger, but stops them from getting longer
  • Skin: smooth, soft w/ subcutaneous fat
  • Buns and thighs: Chunks of fat get deposited here :) Yay!
26
Q

What effects does progesterone have IN GENERAL?

A
  • Mainly makes the uterus a cozy egg-home
  • Decreases uterine contraction
  • More nutrients secreted in Fallopians
  • Breast glands develop
27
Q

T/F a stringy thin mucous is deposited in uterus during proliferative phase?

A

T

28
Q

Secretory phase of uterus entails what?

A

Swelling, blood supply up, glycogen deposits, glands grow

29
Q

What causes endometrium death?

A

lack of hormones

30
Q

What causes menstrual cramps? (contrations)

A

prostaglandins

31
Q

T/F all that bloody glycogen and dead cells is a great place for bacteria to grow?

A

F, full of leukoctyes to prevent this!

32
Q

Pulsing GnRH regulates what?

A

Menstrual cycle (by causing pulses of LH and prolonged FSH release)

33
Q

High-frequency, low-amplitude GnRH pulses is due to what?

A

High Estrogen mid-cycle

34
Q

High-frequency, low-amplitude GnRH pulses cause what?

A

Removes the inhibition that estrogen normally has on GnRH receptors in the pituitary -> Result=up sensitivity to GnRH, so FSH and LH rise

35
Q

Menopause, Sweet Menopause, what happens when it’s time for you? (understand more than memorize)

A

hot flashes, weak bones, ovulation fails and eggs die, hormones drop

36
Q

How can we treat menopause bone loss?

A

estrogen, calcitonin, vit D, hPTH (osteoblast stimulator)

37
Q

pregnancy test looks for what hormone? How many days after?

A

hCG (after 10 days)

38
Q

hCG is made of?

A

glycoprotein. alpha subunit identical to TSH, LH, FSH. Beta subunit is 80% same as LH.

39
Q

Since hCG is 80% the same as LH, what receptor does it bind? Why?

A

LH receptors, preventing death of corpus luteum (for 3 months until placenta takes over hormone secretion)

40
Q

Why is hCG called human chorionic gonadotropin?

A

It stimulates the fetal testes to make testosterone! Cool!

41
Q

Placenta de novo synthesizes what hormones?

A

Just progesterone (Converts androgens->estradiol too, but only gets these androgens from fetal circulation)

42
Q

Estrogen has, yet more effects! What does it do during pregnancy?

A
  • Bigger uterus, breasts, external genitalia

- Relaxes pelvic ligaments (along w/ relaxin)

43
Q

what placenta cells make hormones?

A

syncitiotrophoblast

44
Q

Progesterone also has, yet more effects! What does it do during pregnancy?

A
  • Essential !!!
  • Uterus decidual cells development
  • Makes uterus, fallopians secrete nutrients
  • Prevent contractions
  • Breast glands grow
  • Kidney turns it into DOC (deoxycorticosterone) which acts like aldosterone!
45
Q

hCS (human chorioniic somatomammotropin) does what to nutrients for the baby?

A
  • mobilizes fat from mom to baby
  • Decreases mom’s insulin sensitivity (glucose for baby!)
  • Proteins head to baby for growth
46
Q

T/F hCS affects lactation in humans?

A

F. lower animals. But is secreted a ton during pregnancy!

47
Q

Which affects ligament softening more, relaxin or estrogen?

A

estrogen (but relaxin is especially used to soften cervix!)

48
Q

What secretes relaxin?

A

corpus luteum and placenta

49
Q

What causes the uterus to contract at birth?

A
  • Maternal oxytocin

- Fetal estrogens and progesterone “binding” (making it unavailable) causes rise in estrogen/progesterone ratio

50
Q

What causes an increased number of oxytocin receptors before birth?

A

estrogen

51
Q

What stimulates oxytocin release in the mother?

A

cervical stretch

52
Q

What other substance does oxytocin cause to be secreted that helps with contractions?

A

prostaglandins

53
Q

T/F uterine stretch increases contractility?

A

T

54
Q

What stimulates development of lobules and secretory alveoli in breasts?

A

progesterone (whereas estrogen does stroma, ducts, and fat)

55
Q

T/F GH, cortisol, and insulin help breasts develop?

A

T

56
Q

Colostrum is known for?

A

antibodies (less fat than whole milk)

[He also seemed to care than human milk has less Ca++ and Phos than cows]

57
Q

After birth, prolactin rises? T/F

A

F. (drops, but fetal suckling causes it to rise again)

58
Q

What 2 hormones must decrease to allow milk production?

A

estrogen, progesterone

59
Q

After birth, FSH and LH rise?

A

F, they drop due to both prolactin and suckling

60
Q

what stimulates milk making? milk ejection?

A
  • prolactin

- oxytocin

HOS Final (12 decks)

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