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HOS Final > 10 Female Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

10 Female Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of menstrual cycle?

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

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2
Q

Which hormones mainly influence female sex characteristics?

A

estrogen, progesterone

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3
Q

what is the order of hormones during a cycle? (begin at menstruation)

A

estrogen for follicular/proliferative phase, progesterone for secretory phase, then both low causes menstruation

[mnemonic: If you’re a woman you will, 1st have estrogen, 2nd be a “pro”(gesterone), then die! (both drop)

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4
Q

Placenta secretes what?

A

hCG (chorionic gonadotropin), plus estrogen, progesterone, hCS (somatomammotropin), relaxin

[hCG is “the hormone to rule them all”]

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5
Q

Milk secretion (lactation) requires what hormones?

A

-estrogen, progesterone, GH, cortisol, insulin, prolactin, oxytocin

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6
Q

Where do embryonic germ cells come from?

A

yolk sac

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7
Q

What causes ovaries to remain dormant until puberty?

A

lack of LH/FSH

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8
Q

Kisspeptin does what?

A

Kisspeptin -> GnRH secretion (hypothalamus) -> LH, FSH secretion (ant. pituitary)

[Kisspeptin is also a tumor metastasis suppressor, lucky! Kisspeptin defects mean tiny or big gonads-> early puberty]

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9
Q

How many eggs when born? How many ovulate?

A

1 million, 300

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10
Q

What groups have early puberty?

A

Mexicans, Africans, obese

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11
Q

Look at the graphs on pg. 5 for a while… really grasp these, they tie together much of this lecture

A

:)

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12
Q

FSH in follicular phase stimulates what?

A
  • Follicle growth
  • granulosa cell growth (and thus estradiol)
  • Increases LH receptors (later)
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13
Q

Granulosa cells do what 2 important things?

A
  • convert androgens made by theca cells into estradiol

- Make progesterone

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14
Q

Estradiol has what important effects in follicular phase? (BESIDES secondary sex characteristics?)

A
  • Up estrogen receptors

- Up FSH receptors

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15
Q

LH in follicular phase stimulates what?

A

theca cell growth (and thus androgens->estradiol)

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16
Q

What causes the preovulatory LH/FSH surge?

A

Estradiol levels blossoming from the ovaries give pos. feedback to the pituitary

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17
Q

What causes ovulation?

A
  • LH/FSH synergistically swell the follicle, estrogen drops 1 day prior, and tiny bit of progesterone is secreted. -Theca externa releases collagenase that weaken follicle wall
  • It bursts!
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18
Q

what protects the egg once it leaves the ovary?

A

cloud of granulosa cells (corona radiata)

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19
Q

LH in ovulation phase stimulates what?

A

neutralizes luteinizing-inhibiting factor in preovulatory fluid

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20
Q

Corpus luteum releases what? Why?

A
  • lots progesterone, some androgens->estrogens

- To make the uterus a cozy egg-home

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21
Q

LH drop in luteal phase is caused by?

A
  • estrogen inhibits LH
  • progesterone inhibits GnRH
  • inhibin B inhibits FSH
  • inhibin A inhibits FSH, LH
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22
Q

What makes inhibin A and B? (glycoproteins)

A

A: corpus luteum, placenta
B: granulosa cells

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23
Q

What does inhibin A do during pregnancy?

A

prevent FSH secretion to conserve follicles (stop them being ovulated)

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24
Q

What allows corpus luteum to keep living in pregnancy?

A

hCG

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25
What effects does estrogen have on secondary sex characteristics? (global card, try to understand more than memorize)
- Vagina: Cuboidal -> Strat. Squamous (more resilient) - Uterus: stroma, gland development - Fallopians: more beating cilia and glands - Breasts: deposit fat/stroma and gland growth, and extra cancerous - Bones: Stronger, but stops them from getting longer - Skin: smooth, soft w/ subcutaneous fat - Buns and thighs: Chunks of fat get deposited here :) Yay!
26
What effects does progesterone have IN GENERAL?
- Mainly makes the uterus a cozy egg-home - Decreases uterine contraction - More nutrients secreted in Fallopians - Breast glands develop
27
T/F a stringy thin mucous is deposited in uterus during proliferative phase?
T
28
Secretory phase of uterus entails what?
Swelling, blood supply up, glycogen deposits, glands grow
29
What causes endometrium death?
lack of hormones
30
What causes menstrual cramps? (contrations)
prostaglandins
31
T/F all that bloody glycogen and dead cells is a great place for bacteria to grow?
F, full of leukoctyes to prevent this!
32
Pulsing GnRH regulates what?
Menstrual cycle (by causing pulses of LH and prolonged FSH release)
33
High-frequency, low-amplitude GnRH pulses is due to what?
High Estrogen mid-cycle
34
High-frequency, low-amplitude GnRH pulses cause what?
Removes the inhibition that estrogen normally has on GnRH receptors in the pituitary -> Result=up sensitivity to GnRH, so FSH and LH rise
35
Menopause, Sweet Menopause, what happens when it's time for you? (understand more than memorize)
hot flashes, weak bones, ovulation fails and eggs die, hormones drop
36
How can we treat menopause bone loss?
estrogen, calcitonin, vit D, hPTH (osteoblast stimulator)
37
pregnancy test looks for what hormone? How many days after?
hCG (after 10 days)
38
hCG is made of?
glycoprotein. alpha subunit identical to TSH, LH, FSH. Beta subunit is 80% same as LH.
39
Since hCG is 80% the same as LH, what receptor does it bind? Why?
LH receptors, preventing death of corpus luteum (for 3 months until placenta takes over hormone secretion)
40
Why is hCG called human chorionic gonadotropin?
It stimulates the fetal testes to make testosterone! Cool!
41
Placenta de novo synthesizes what hormones?
Just progesterone (Converts androgens->estradiol too, but only gets these androgens from fetal circulation)
42
Estrogen has, yet more effects! What does it do during pregnancy?
- Bigger uterus, breasts, external genitalia | - Relaxes pelvic ligaments (along w/ relaxin)
43
what placenta cells make hormones?
syncitiotrophoblast
44
Progesterone also has, yet more effects! What does it do during pregnancy?
- Essential !!! - Uterus decidual cells development - Makes uterus, fallopians secrete nutrients - Prevent contractions - Breast glands grow - Kidney turns it into DOC (deoxycorticosterone) which acts like aldosterone!
45
hCS (human chorioniic somatomammotropin) does what to nutrients for the baby?
- mobilizes fat from mom to baby - Decreases mom's insulin sensitivity (glucose for baby!) - Proteins head to baby for growth
46
T/F hCS affects lactation in humans?
F. lower animals. But is secreted a ton during pregnancy!
47
Which affects ligament softening more, relaxin or estrogen?
estrogen (but relaxin is especially used to soften cervix!)
48
What secretes relaxin?
corpus luteum and placenta
49
What causes the uterus to contract at birth?
- Maternal oxytocin | - Fetal estrogens and progesterone "binding" (making it unavailable) causes rise in estrogen/progesterone ratio
50
What causes an increased number of oxytocin receptors before birth?
estrogen
51
What stimulates oxytocin release in the mother?
cervical stretch
52
What other substance does oxytocin cause to be secreted that helps with contractions?
prostaglandins
53
T/F uterine stretch increases contractility?
T
54
What stimulates development of lobules and secretory alveoli in breasts?
progesterone (whereas estrogen does stroma, ducts, and fat)
55
T/F GH, cortisol, and insulin help breasts develop?
T
56
Colostrum is known for?
antibodies (less fat than whole milk) [He also seemed to care than human milk has less Ca++ and Phos than cows]
57
After birth, prolactin rises? T/F
F. (drops, but fetal suckling causes it to rise again)
58
What 2 hormones must decrease to allow milk production?
estrogen, progesterone
59
After birth, FSH and LH rise?
F, they drop due to both prolactin and suckling
60
what stimulates milk making? milk ejection?
- prolactin | - oxytocin

HOS Final (12 decks)

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