11. Electrolytes

Question 1

hypernatremia is Na above

Answer 1

140

Question 2

hypernatremia is generally caused by a

Answer 2

free water deficit (NOT excess Na)

Question 3

hypernatremia is often synonymous with

Answer 3

dehydration

Question 4

hypernatremia most often occurs in people such as

Answer 4

infants, impaired mental status, or elderly

Question 5

symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 5

thirst, dry mucous membranes, agitation, and restlessness

Question 6

hyponatremia is Na below

Answer 6

125

Question 7

hyponatremia usually occurs from

Answer 7

excess body water diluting the serum Na

Question 8

diseases that cause hyponatremia include

Answer 8

CHF, SIAHD, or polydipsia

Question 9

Na below 125 –>

Answer 9

weakness

Question 10

Na below 115 –>

Answer 10

confusion and lethargy

Question 11

major intracellular cation

Answer 11

K

Question 12

K serum levels are around

Answer 12

4

Question 13

K is especially important in maintaining

Answer 13

membrane potential in neuromuscular tissue

Question 14

K will be excreted in response to

Answer 14

aldosterone (Na in, K out)

Question 15

Alkalosis moves K into or out of the cell?

Answer 15

into

Question 16

extreme hyperkalemia is an ermgency because of

Answer 16

arrhythmias

Question 17

symptoms include malaise, palpitations, and muscle weakness

Answer 17

hyperkalemia

Question 18

nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are common in

Answer 18

hyperkalemia

Question 19

may cause muscular weakness, myalgia, muslce cramps, and constipation

Answer 19

moderate hypokalamia (2.5-3.0)

Question 20

weakness, paralysis, hyporeflexia, and ileus are common symptoms of

Answer 20

hypokalemia

Question 21

major extracellular anion that fallows Na to support electrical neutrality

Answer 21

Cl

Question 22

__ aids in acid base balance because if CO2 and H elevate, bicarbonate moves out and __ moves in to maintain neurtrality

Answer 22

Cl

Question 23

does hypo/hyperchloremia occur independently?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

PRIMARILY associated with acid base balance

Answer 24

CO2

Question 25

difference between cations and anions in extracellular gap and used to determine metabolic acidosis

Answer 25

anion gap

Question 26

(Na + K) - (Cl + bicarbonate) OR Na - (Cl - Bicarbonate) =

Answer 26

anion gap

Question 27

anaion gap increases from

Answer 27

acidosis, diarrhea, and kidney failure

Question 28

anion gap decreases from

Answer 28

vomiting, alkalosis, and hyperaldosteronism

Question 29

measures the dissolved particles in blood

Answer 29

osmolality

Question 30

as free water in blood increases OR the particles decrease, how does osmolality change?

Answer 30

decreases

Question 31

low osmolality depresses secretion of

Answer 31

ADH

Question 32

low ADH increases urine output therefore increasing

Answer 32

osmolality

Question 33

what are the three most important solutes in blood?

Answer 33

Na, glucose, and BUN