1.1 Chapter 9: Mechanisms and Characteristics Flashcards
Sprain
Injuried ligamnet from excessive joint movement
Trauma
physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force
Mechanical injury
results from force.
Strain
Internal change in tissue.
Rip or tear in the muscle.
tendonitis
inflamation of the tendon
Tramatic vs. Overuse Injures
Traumatic/acute—Instant
Overuse/Chronic—Overtime
What are characteristics of Muscle that can be impraid during injury:
Irribility
Contractility (specific to muscle)
Conductivity
Extensibility
Elaciticy
What is a muscle Strain?
Why does it happen?
A strech, tear or rip to muscle;
1) failure in reciprocal coordination of agonist and antagonist
2) electrolyte imbalance due to profuse sweating
3) strength imbalance
Edema
Swelling
Ecchymosis
Discoloration
Tendinopathy
For tendon injuries where do the tears occur?
In the muscle
Tendonitis what does tha inits mean?
initis—inflamation
What is Tendinitis?
Treatment?
Gradual onset –repeated microtrauma
Signs of swelling
Treatment—Rest
What is Tendinosis?
Muscles begin to degenerate. of the collagen— no longer straight.
Less inflammation, visibly thicker with stiffness and restricted motion
Means Degnerating and inflammed
What is Microtrauma?
Repetitive stress on tendon
What is the results of Microtrauma?
Good:
Leads to increased collagen production
Bad:
Chronic strain due to reabsorption of collagen fibers
Weakened Tendons
How should you recover from a tendon injury? What are the dangers?
**Tendons should be loaded/conditioned gradually
** Collagen reabsorption occurs in early period of sports conditioning (and immobilization) making tissue
susceptible to injury
What is Tenosynovitis?
What is chronic?
Inflammation of synovial sheath:
—Decreased Synovial Fluid—friction; sticking to synovial sheath
Chronic cases result in thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus:
Often occurs in long flexor tendon of the digits and the biceps tendon
What is De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis?
Its Tenosynotivs in the wrist, or palms of hands
What are Myofascial Trigger Points?
Discrete, hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia
Myofascial Trigger: Latent Trigger Points
HAS TO BE TRIGGERED
—Does not cause spontaneous pain
—Applied pressure leads to pain
—May restrict movement or cause muscle weakness
Myofascial Trigger: Active Trigger Points.
Where is it found?
What causes it?
Sympotoms
1) Causes pain at rest
—Referd pain or radiating pain
2) Applying pressure = pain = jump sign
3) Tender to palpation with referred pain
**Where can it be found? **
—Postural Muscles
Cause: —result of **mechanical stress**
What are Contusions?
What are characertiscts of it?
Contusions:
—Result of sudden blow to body.
—Compression stress
What is Hematoma?
Hematoma— (Knot) results from blood and lymph flow into surrounding tissue
What is Ecchymosis?
Ecchymosis— Discoloration
What are dangers of contusions?
How do you treat?
Chronically inflamed and contused tissue may result in generation of calcium deposits (myositis ossificans)
Bones calcify
Treatment—Death Trap—Ice them with the person on stretch—NO HEAT
Atrophy
Atrophy is wasting away of muscle due to:
1) Immobilization/inactivity
2) Nerve functioning
(Muscle Shrinking in size)
What is a Contracture? What are the effects?
Contracture is an abnormal shortening of muscle where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch
Generally resulting from accumulation of scar tissue
What is Sacropenia?
Sarco—Muscle
loss of muscle and strength that can happen when someone gets older and does less physical activity
What is Dupuytren’s Disease?
It is a type of Contracture in the hands
Unable to flex or straighten hands or wrists becuase of the shortened muscles in the palm
What do Synovial joints contain?
**Freely Moving Joint: Ball + Socket **
1) hyaline or articular cartilage
2) fibrous connective tissue capsule
3) synovial membrane
4) blood and nerve supply with muscles crossing joint
5) menisci (fibrocartilage)
Ligament Sprains
What is the most common sprain?
Tearing of ligament fibers; result of excessive joint motion
Inversion/Lateral ankel Sprian
What are the levels of Severity of Sprains?
Grade I
Some muscles torn:
—some pain,
—minimal loss of function,
—no abnormal motion,
—and mild point tenderness
Grade II Number of fibers torn: —pain, —moderate loss of function, —**swelling**, —**instability** with tearing and separation of ligament fibers
Grade III
Tear ligamnet completely
—Extremely painful
—Loss of function (bc torn all the way through)
—Severe instability
—Swelling
—Subluxation—Partcail dislocation (comes out and back in)
What is joint effusion?……………….
Swelling of joint
swelling, local temperature increase, pain and point tenderness, ecchymosis and possibly an avulsion fracture
1)
….
What do dislocations and subluxations have in common?
Seperation of bony surfaces
Subluxation
Partial dislocation,
seperation of two bones but then they come back together on its own
Dislocations
a bone in a joint is froced out of alignment;
Must be manually or surgically reduced;
Gross deformatiy—can see by bilateral comparision (comparing both sides)
“Once a dislocation…
always a dislocation”
Joints are disrupted
Sulcus Sign
Test for shoulder dislocation:
place hand on spine of scapual, and pull downward on their humerus
to see if it is dislocated
If you feel movemnt in their scapula they have a seperated shouler
How should you treat a dislocation?
Like a fracture until ruled out;
don’t pop it back in, you could damage a nerve
What is Osteoarthritis? What are some causes? Symptoms?
Wearing away of hyaline cartilage;
Caused by blow, pressure or repeated trauma:
Symptoms: pain, stiffness, grating
What does crepitus mean?
grating. refering to wearing away of cartilige
What is a bursa?
Its the Olecranon bursua (Elbow);
Bursae are fluid filled sacs in areas of friction
What is Bursitis? Sympotoms? what can it lead to?
Sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis, while overuse and constant external compression can cause chronic bursitis;
Symptoms: swelling, pain,
Leads to: Calicificationa nd degeneration of internal linings
Trochanteric Bursitis
Calcification of bursa?
Subacromion Bursa
protecting the underlying supraspinatus muscle from attrition wear between the humeral head and the acromion
Myosutis Ossifcatians
Boney deposists develop in muscle;
usally from a contusion
What does Capsulitis and Synovitis have in common? Whats different?
Inflammation of the joint capsule;
Cap—frozen shoulder; repeated truama
Synovists– instant; edema; thickening of synovial lining
Capsylitis
result of repeated trauma;
Motion may become restricted and joint noises may develop
Synovitis
Can occur acutely but will also develop following mistreatment of joint injury;
Chronic synovitis can result in edema, thickening of the synovial lining, and a fibrous underlying develops;
Motion may become restricted and joint noises may develop
What is Adhesive Capsulitis?
Frozen shoulder —Sunovitis
Stress
Internal resistance to a load
Load
An external force acting on the body
Stiffness
Ability of tissue to resist a load;
The greater stiffness = greater load it can resist
What 5 types of tissuing loading produce stress/strain?
1) Tension
Force that pulls Tissues
2) Compression
Force that crushes
3) Shearing
moves across parallel
4) Bending
5) Torsion
What is Tension? What type of injury do they cause?
Force that pulls Tissues
Sprains & strains
(Ligament tear)
What is Compression? What type of injury do they cause?
Force that crushes
Contusions & Fractures
What is a shearing force? What type of injury do they cause?
Moves across the parallel
Blistters & abrasions
What is Bending? What type of injury do they cause?
Combo of compression & Tension
(3 point bend)
What is Torsion? What type of injury do they cause?
Twisting from opposite ends
fractures
Musculotendinous complex
Means—The connection between a muscle and its tendon.
Cramps? What are causes?
Involuntray skeletal muscle contractions
1) Dehdration
2) electrolyte deficiency
3) Sarcolemma potentail
Muscle Guarding
After an injury; contracting to portect injured area.
Muscle spasms? and What are the two types?
A reflex to trauma
Clonic—Alternating contractions and relaxations (fast)
Tonic— Rigid contractions (lasts a long time)
Where do tears usally occur?
In muscle not tendons
