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Physical Education > 1.1 - cardiovascular system > Flashcards

1.1 - cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the journey of the blood from the right atrium

A
  • deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium via the vena cava
  • heart relaxes in diastole, blood passes through the tricuspid valve, filling the right ventricle
  • the heart contracts in systole, pumping blood out via the pulmonary artery, passing through the semilunar valve, to the lungs
  • oxygenated blood from lungs enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • heart relaxes in diastole and the blood passes through the bicuspid valve filling the left ventricle
  • heart contracts in systole and blood is pumped out the heart via the aorta, passing through the semilunar valves to deliver oxygen to the rest of the body
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2
Q

What is the cardiac conduction system?

A

A group of cells located in the wall of the heart that sends impulses through the heart so it contracts

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3
Q

What is the travel of the impulses?

A 
SAN (pacemaker)
(atrial systole occurs)
AVN (delays impulse for 0.1 to allow the atrium to fully contract)
bundle of his
bundle branches
purkinje fibres
(ventricular systole occurs)
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4
Q

define myogenic

A

the capacity of the heart to create its own impulses

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5
Q

define fitness

A

the ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment

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6
Q

define health

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity/injury

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7
Q

define anticipatory rise

A

the slight increase in heart rate usually before activity starts due to the expectation of exercise, preparing the body

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8
Q

How does exercise and fitness improve health?

A
  • weight loss, decrease obesity
  • cardiovascular and respiratory improvements (stronger lungs, greater stroke volume, decrease resting HR)
  • reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and some cancers
  • lower blood pressure
  • reduce risk of stroke
  • reduce risk of fall (balance)
  • increase bone health (no loss in density)
  • reduces chance of injury
  • hypertrophy (increase chamber size, increase muscle strength, increase stroke volume)
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9
Q

define bradycardia

A

when the resting heart rate falls below 60

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10
Q

what are the differences between trained and untrained?

A
  • trained individuals return to resting HR faster
  • can consume more oxygen (VO2 max increases)
  • resting HR decreases
  • greater HR range
  • increased red blood cell/haemoglobin count
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11
Q

what affects the rate of the conduction system?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
  • medulla oblongata
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12
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do? how?

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT

  • increases HR by releasing adrenaline

adrenaline increases the strength of ventricular contractions, increasing SV
noradrenaline aids the spread of electrical impulses throughout the heart, increasing HR

  • increased metabolic activity causes increased concentration of CO2 and lactic acid, decreasing blood pH

changed picked up by chemoreceptors, inform sympathetic centre, to increase HR to flush out waste product

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13
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do? how?

A

REST AND DIGEST

  • releases acetylcholine which slows the spread of impulses in the heart
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14
Q

what are physical responses of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • dilated pupils
  • increased HR
  • relax airways
  • inhibit stomach activity
  • relaxes bladder
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15
Q

what are physical responses of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • constrict pupils
  • constrict airways
  • stimulates stomach activity
  • contract bladder
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16
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

17
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

consists of nerve cells that transmit info to and from the CNS

18
Q

what are the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system controlled by?

A

these two systems are coordinated by the cardiac control centre in the medulla oblongata

19
Q

what is the cardiac control centre stimulated by?

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors
  • proprioceptors
20
Q

what do chemoreceptors do?

A

they recognise an increase in CO2 which causes an increase in heart rate

21
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

they recognise an increase in blood pressure which causes a decrease in heart rate

22
Q

what do proprioceptors do?

A

recognise an increase in muscle movement at muscles, tendons and joints which causes an increase in heart rate

23
Q

what is the hormonal control mechanisms?

A

release of adrenaline during exercise

24
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

stimulates the SAN which increases both the speed and force of contraction of the heart, increasing cardiac output so more blood can be pumped to working muscles to provide them with more oxygen

25
Q

how is blood flow redistributed?

A

by vasodilation and vasoconstriction

26
Q

define vasodilation

A

the widening of arteries to allow more blood to needed areas

27
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

when the blood vessel lumen becomes smaller restricting the blood flow where it isn’t needed

28
Q

what controls blood flow and pressure?

A

vasomotor centre (in the medulla oblongata)

29
Q

what causes the redistribution of blood?

A

in exercise, chemical changes are detected by chemoreceptors which stimulates the vasomotor centre which then redistributes blood

30
Q

what is it known as when blood is redistributed to where it is most needed?

A

vascular shunt mechanism

31
Q

when exercising, where is blood redistributed to?

A
  • brain: must remain constant to ensure brain function is maintained
  • heart: as heart needs o2 for energy to beat harder and faster
  • skin: as energy is needed to cool the body down
32
Q

why shouldn’t you eat an hour before exercise?

A

as if you have a full stomach, more blood will go to the stomach and not to muscles, meaning they get less energy, impacting performance

Physical Education (8 decks)

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