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Pe > 1.1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

1.1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

Learn the cardiovascular system

1
Q

State the names of the three valves?

A
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Bicuspid valve
  • Semi-lunar valves
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2
Q

Which ventricle wall is thicker than the other and why?

A
  • Left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall
  • This is because the left ventricle has to pump blood all round the body rather than just to the lungs so the blood needs to be contracted faster.
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3
Q

What is systole?

A

Where the heart contracts and blood is pumped out of the heart.

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4
Q

What is diastole?

A

When the heart relaxes allowing blood into the atria.

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5
Q

What blood vessels does blood enter the right atrium and leave the right ventricle?

A
  • Blood enters the right atrium via the: Vena Cava

- Blood leaves the right ventricle via the: Pulmonary Artety

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6
Q

What blood vessels deliver blood to the left atrium and allow blood to leave via the left ventricle?

A
  • Blood enters the left atrium via the: Pulmonary Vein

- Blood leaves the left ventricle via the: Aorta

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7
Q

Name the different vessels in order of highest to lowest in pressure

A
  • Artery
  • Arteriole
  • Capillary
  • Venule
  • Vein
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8
Q

State 3 characteristics of arteries?

A
  • Thick outer walls
  • Thick muscular layer
  • Has lumen
  • Carries blood at the highest pressure
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9
Q

What are sphinctors?

A

Change the distribution of blood by changing the diameter of the arterioles.

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10
Q

State characteristics of capillaries?

A
  • They are one cell thick
  • Transport important components via diffusion
  • Take blood through tissues
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11
Q

State characteristics of veins?

A
  • Contain valves as when blood is carried in low pressure it needs to stop the backflow of blood.
  • Has a large muscle wall to pump the low pressure blood.
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12
Q

What is heart rate measured in?

A

Beats per minute

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13
Q

What is stroke volume measured in?

A

ML per beat

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14
Q

How do you work out cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume X heart rate

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15
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

This is the way of measuring how much blood is leaving the heart during a contraction. This is measured as a percentage.

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16
Q

State 3 different types of heart disease?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Atheroma
  • Angina
17
Q

What are the key terms in terms of measuring the differences between a trained and untrained athlete?

A

1) Heart
2) Blood Vessels
3) Blood Pressure
4) Heart Rate (resting, maximum)
5) Stroke Volume
6) Cardiac Output

18
Q

How does stroke volume differ between a trained and untrained individual?

A

The stroke rate for the trained individual will be higher as the heart grows stronger and contracts with more force then that of the untrained individual.

19
Q

What are the two types of heartbeat?

A

1) Intrinsic heartbeat

2) Myogenic heartbeat

20
Q

Stage how a heartbeat is created via the conduction system?

A

1) Sinoatrial node (SAN)
2) Atrioventricular node (AVN)
3) Bundle of His (BoH)
4) Purkinje fibres

21
Q

What are the detailed stages of the conduction system?

A

1) SAN creates an intrinsic heartbeat allowing wave to spread to the AVN.
2) AVN delays the heartbeat by 0.1seconds to stop blood flowing straight through the atria into the ventricles.
3) Bundle of His conducts the signal in the septum, into two to allow the signal to reach both sides of the heart.
4) Purkinje fibres separates the signal even further all around the ventricles, allowing the ventricles to be contracted

22
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

1) Atrial diastole –> allowing blood to fill atria through the Vena Cava and pulmonary vein. SAN is relaxing so no impulse is created.
2) Atrial systole and Ventricular diastole –> SAN creates an impulse which contracts the atria. This allows blood to flow into the ventricles where diastole is occuring.
3) Atrial diastole and ventricle systole –> AVN conducts impulse through Boh and Purkinje fibres to contract the ventricles. Atrial diastole occurs to increase in size in prep for more blood to enter the heart.

23
Q

What is the communication pathway of the heart rate regulation system?

A

Receptors –> Medulla –> Nerves –> Heart

24
Q

State three different types of receptors?

A

1) Chemoreceptors
2) Baroreceptors
3) Proprioceptors
4) Thermoreceptors

25
Q

How does heart rate adapt to an increase in heart rate?

A
  • Chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 levels and send impulses to the medulla.
  • Medulla receives impulse and increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system to increase the blood pressure
26
Q

How does heart rate regulation occur for a decreased heart rate?

A
  • Proprioceptors detect a decrease in movement causing the parasympathetic system to be stimulated by the medulla.
  • Parasympathetic system decreases the rate that the cardiac cycle takes place.
27
Q

How is an anticipatory rise caused?

A

An increase in speed and strength of contraction of each heartbeat before exercise is caused by adrenalin resulting in sympathetic activity

28
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of haemoglobin?

A

1) Found in the blood.
2) Can only bond with 4 oxygen molecules
3) Easily reversible
4) Transports oxygen molecules slowly
5) Limited affinity

29
Q

What are 4 characteristics of myoglobin?

A

1) Only found in the muscles
2) Has a high affinity for oxygen
3) They bond with a lot of oxygen molecules
4) Transports oxygen quickly

30
Q

What happens when oxygenated blood reaches muscle cells?

A
  • The oxygen dissociates from the haemoglobin and associates with the myoglobin in the muscles. - Association occurs until the partial pressure in the myoglobin is equal to the partial pressure in the haemoglobin.
31
Q

What are the causes of Bohr shift?

A

1) Increase in body temperature
2) Increase of partial pressure of CO2
3) Increase in blood acidity due to the increase in carbon dioxide.

32
Q

What are the consequences of Bohr shift?

A

A) Increase in carbominohaemoglobin levels
B) Haemoglobins affinity for oxygen decreases
C) Increase in dissociation of oxygen at the muscles.

33
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

1) Bicarbonate (70%)
2) Plasma (7%)
3) Plasma proteins such as haemoglobin (23%)

Pe (7 decks)

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