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OCR A-LEVEL CHEM A > 11. basic organic concepts > Flashcards

11. basic organic concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

define:

general formula

A

the simplest algabraic formula of a member of a homologous series

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2
Q

define

skeletal formula

A

removes hydrogen bonds shows carbon sekeletal bonds with its functional groups

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3
Q

define

empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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4
Q

define

molecular formula

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound

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5
Q

define

structural formula

A

minimal detail that shows the arrangment of atoms in a molecule carbon by carbon with H and functional groups

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6
Q

define

Displayed fromula

A

shows how each atom is arranged and bonded

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7
Q

unsaturated vs saturated

A

saturated - single bonds only
unsaturated- contains one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds

the U looks like double bond symbol

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8
Q

organic chemistry is

A

study of structure properties and reaction sand compositions of carbon containig compounds

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9
Q

hydrocarbons are

A

compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only

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10
Q

Use of organic chemistry:

A

detergents
dyes and pigments
cosmetics
pharmaceuticals (and medication)
plastics

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11
Q

Homologous Series is….

A

A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula. Each successive
member differs by a –CH2 unit, they all have similar chemical properties and a gradual change in
physical properties.

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12
Q

Nomenclature

A

a system of naming

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13
Q

carbon chain lengths 1-10
and 2-4 for multiple functional grps

A
  1. meth
  2. eth
  3. prop
  4. but
  5. pent
  6. hex
  7. hept
  8. oct
  9. non
  10. de
  11. n/a
  12. di
  13. tri
  14. tetra
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14
Q

Aliphatic:

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non aromatic rings

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15
Q

Alicyclic:

A

carbon atoms are joined to each other in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains

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16
Q

Aromatic:

A

some or all of the carbon atoms are founded in a benzene ring.

Benzene

Contains a delocalised
electron system

Molecular formula: C6H6

Empirical formula: CH

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17
Q

alycyclic is also

A
  • alyphatic
  • branched
  • un branched
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18
Q

functional group

A

groups of atoms responsible for its chemical reactions/characteristics

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19
Q

addition reaction

A

a reaction in which molecules combine to form a single product

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20
Q

subsituion reaction

A

reaction in which one atom or a group replaces another

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21
Q

elimination reaction

A

a type of reaction in which two aroms/grp of atoms are removed from a molecule

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22
Q

homolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks each bonding atom recieves one electron from the bonding pair to form 2 radicals

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23
Q

heterolytic fission

A

when a covalentbon breaks one bonding atom recieves both electrons from teh bonded pair

24
Q

curly arrow

A

shows movment of a pair of electrons must start from a bond, lone pair of electrons or a negative charge

(single arow head is only one electron)

25
Q

Ketone
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

O
II
R-c-R

suffix - one

26
Q

aldehydes
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

O
II
- C-H

suffix- al

27
Q
A
28
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

O
II
-C-OH

		suffix : oic acid

always C1!!!

29
Q

Alcohol
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

-OH

suffix: al
prefix: if another fg present hydroxy

30
Q

Halides
- draw its formula
- prefix?

A
  • floro F
  • bromo BR
  • chloro Cl
  • iodo I
31
Q

alkene
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

C=C
suffix: ene

32
Q

amine
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

H
I
R -N -H

prefix “amino-“ or the suffix “-amine”.

33
Q

Alkynes
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

C—C
suffix - yne

34
Q

aldeyde
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

O
II
-C-H

suffix -al

always C1!!

35
Q

Nitrile
- draw its formula
- suffix?

A

C - - - N
prefix: cyano
suffix: nitrile

always C1!

36
Q

RUles for naming

A
  1. Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest CONTINUOUS chain. This gives the STEM of the name.
  2. The names of any substituent groups are PREFIXED in alphabetical order.
  3. If more than one group is present it is prefixed by di(2), tri(3) or tetra(4).
  4. The position of the side chain, or substituent group, is indicated by numbering the main
    chain. Numbering starts from the side of the chain that produces the LOWEST possible number for the side chain. Side chains are given in alphabetical order.
  5. Dashes are used between numbers and letters, and commas are used between numbers.
37
Q

Structural Isomers:

A

These isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula – their atoms are
arranged differently. Structural isomers occur in different ways

38
Q

Isomers:

A

Compounds may have the same molecular formula but are different. They are isomers of each other.
There are different types of isomers.

39
Q

stereosiomerism

A

same molecular/strucural formula but differnet arrangment of atoms in 3D space

40
Q

E/Z / geometric isomerism

A
  • must have C=C
  • Z have highest priority grp on same side of double bond up down not left right
  • E have highest priority on opposite sides
41
Q

cis/trans isomerism

A

is where there are hydrogen atoms on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of a double bond. Cis-trans
isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism. Different groups on each carbon, one of which must be a H.

42
Q

three types of structural isomerism

A
  • chain :Both compounds have the same
    molecular formula but chains may
    be branched or straight chain.
  • Positional isomers Both compounds have the same
    molecular formula but the functional
    groups are in different positions
  • Functional group isomers Both compounds have the same molecular formula but different
    functional groups.
43
Q

functional group isomers to learn

A
  • Aldehyde and ketones
  • Carboxylic acids and esters
  • alkene cycloalkane
  • alcohols and ethers
44
Q

ether
- draw

A

R-O-R

45
Q

ester
- draw
- and naming

A

O
II
-C-O

alkly alcanoate
alkyl from alcohol
alcanoate from carboxylic acid

46
Q

Radical is a

A

an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron.

47
Q

Electrophile

A

is an electron pair acceptor. It has a partial positive (or positive) charge and is
attracted to areas of high electron density.

Water is polar and has areas of partial positivity which means it acts as an ELECTROPHILE.

48
Q

Nucleophile

A

an electron pair donor. A species with a negative charge or a lone pair of electrons that is attracted to areas of high electron deficiency.

OH- in the above equation is negatively charged and is willing to donate a pair of electrons to form a bond.
It is called a NUCLEOPHILE.
Br H NH3 CN

49
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

50
Q

general formula alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

51
Q

general formula of alkene

A

CnH2n

52
Q

general formula of carboxylic acid

A

CnH2n+1COOH

53
Q

functional group isomer with alkene

A

cycloalkane

54
Q

functional group ismoer with aldehyde

A

ketone

55
Q

functional group with carboxylic acid

A

esters

56
Q

functional group isomers with alchols

A

ethers R-O-R

57
Q

Carbonyl group

A

O
II
R-C-R

aldehyde or ketone

OCR A-LEVEL CHEM A (36 decks)

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