11. basic organic concepts Flashcards
define:
general formula
the simplest algabraic formula of a member of a homologous series
define
skeletal formula
removes hydrogen bonds shows carbon sekeletal bonds with its functional groups
define
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
define
molecular formula
the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
define
structural formula
minimal detail that shows the arrangment of atoms in a molecule carbon by carbon with H and functional groups
define
Displayed fromula
shows how each atom is arranged and bonded
unsaturated vs saturated
saturated - single bonds only
unsaturated- contains one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
the U looks like double bond symbol
organic chemistry is
study of structure properties and reaction sand compositions of carbon containig compounds
hydrocarbons are
compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only
Use of organic chemistry:
detergents
dyes and pigments
cosmetics
pharmaceuticals (and medication)
plastics
Homologous Series is….
A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula. Each successive
member differs by a –CH2 unit, they all have similar chemical properties and a gradual change in
physical properties.
Nomenclature
a system of naming
carbon chain lengths 1-10
and 2-4 for multiple functional grps
- meth
- eth
- prop
- but
- pent
- hex
- hept
- oct
- non
- de
- n/a
- di
- tri
- tetra
Aliphatic:
carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non aromatic rings
Alicyclic:
carbon atoms are joined to each other in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Aromatic:
some or all of the carbon atoms are founded in a benzene ring.
Benzene
Contains a delocalised
electron system
Molecular formula: C6H6
Empirical formula: CH
alycyclic is also
- alyphatic
- branched
- un branched
functional group
groups of atoms responsible for its chemical reactions/characteristics
addition reaction
a reaction in which molecules combine to form a single product
subsituion reaction
reaction in which one atom or a group replaces another
elimination reaction
a type of reaction in which two aroms/grp of atoms are removed from a molecule
homolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks each bonding atom recieves one electron from the bonding pair to form 2 radicals
heterolytic fission
when a covalentbon breaks one bonding atom recieves both electrons from teh bonded pair
curly arrow
shows movment of a pair of electrons must start from a bond, lone pair of electrons or a negative charge
(single arow head is only one electron)
Ketone
- draw its formula
- suffix?
O
II
R-c-R
suffix - one
aldehydes
- draw its formula
- suffix?
O
II
- C-H
suffix- al
Carboxylic acid
O
II
-C-OH
suffix : oic acid
always C1!!!
Alcohol
- draw its formula
- suffix?
-OH
suffix: al
prefix: if another fg present hydroxy
Halides
- draw its formula
- prefix?
- floro F
- bromo BR
- chloro Cl
- iodo I
alkene
- draw its formula
- suffix?
C=C
suffix: ene
amine
- draw its formula
- suffix?
H
I
R -N -H
prefix “amino-“ or the suffix “-amine”.
Alkynes
- draw its formula
- suffix?
C—C
suffix - yne
aldeyde
- draw its formula
- suffix?
O
II
-C-H
suffix -al
always C1!!
Nitrile
- draw its formula
- suffix?
C - - - N
prefix: cyano
suffix: nitrile
always C1!
RUles for naming
- Count the number of carbon atoms in the longest CONTINUOUS chain. This gives the STEM of the name.
- The names of any substituent groups are PREFIXED in alphabetical order.
- If more than one group is present it is prefixed by di(2), tri(3) or tetra(4).
- The position of the side chain, or substituent group, is indicated by numbering the main
chain. Numbering starts from the side of the chain that produces the LOWEST possible number for the side chain. Side chains are given in alphabetical order. - Dashes are used between numbers and letters, and commas are used between numbers.
Structural Isomers:
These isomers have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula – their atoms are
arranged differently. Structural isomers occur in different ways
Isomers:
Compounds may have the same molecular formula but are different. They are isomers of each other.
There are different types of isomers.
stereosiomerism
same molecular/strucural formula but differnet arrangment of atoms in 3D space
E/Z / geometric isomerism
- must have C=C
- Z have highest priority grp on same side of double bond up down not left right
- E have highest priority on opposite sides
cis/trans isomerism
is where there are hydrogen atoms on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans) of a double bond. Cis-trans
isomerism is a special type of E/Z isomerism. Different groups on each carbon, one of which must be a H.
three types of structural isomerism
- chain :Both compounds have the same
molecular formula but chains may
be branched or straight chain. - Positional isomers Both compounds have the same
molecular formula but the functional
groups are in different positions - Functional group isomers Both compounds have the same molecular formula but different
functional groups.
functional group isomers to learn
- Aldehyde and ketones
- Carboxylic acids and esters
- alkene cycloalkane
- alcohols and ethers
ether
- draw
R-O-R
ester
- draw
- and naming
O
II
-C-O
alkly alcanoate
alkyl from alcohol
alcanoate from carboxylic acid
Radical is a
an atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron.
Electrophile
is an electron pair acceptor. It has a partial positive (or positive) charge and is
attracted to areas of high electron density.
Water is polar and has areas of partial positivity which means it acts as an ELECTROPHILE.
Nucleophile
an electron pair donor. A species with a negative charge or a lone pair of electrons that is attracted to areas of high electron deficiency.
OH- in the above equation is negatively charged and is willing to donate a pair of electrons to form a bond.
It is called a NUCLEOPHILE.
Br H NH3 CN
general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
general formula alcohol
CnH2n+1OH
general formula of alkene
CnH2n
general formula of carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
functional group isomer with alkene
cycloalkane
functional group ismoer with aldehyde
ketone
functional group with carboxylic acid
esters
functional group isomers with alchols
ethers R-O-R
Carbonyl group
O
II
R-C-R
aldehyde or ketone
