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Unit 5 > 11/18/2014 Microscopic Anatomy Connective Tissue Thomas Poole > Flashcards

11/18/2014 Microscopic Anatomy Connective Tissue Thomas Poole Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

The tissue that forms a continuum with the other 3 major tissues to maintain a functionally integrated body

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2
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • mostly structural

- characterized on the basis of its extracellular matrix

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3
Q

What are some examples of connective tissue?

A

organ capsules

tendons and ligaments

areolar tissue filling spaces

fat

cartilage

bone

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4
Q

What does connective tissue develop from?

A

embryonic mesoderm

*in the head, from the neural crest by the migration of mesenchymal cells

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5
Q

Describe mesenchymal cells’ morphology

A
  • oval nucleus with prominent nucleoli
  • small amount of cytoplasm
  • multiple thin processes that make it difficult to see the limits of the cytoplasm in the light microscope
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6
Q

What is connective tissue composed of?

A

extracellular matrix (ECM) and connective tissue cells

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7
Q

The extracellular matrix can be divided into ___, ___ and ___

A

ground substance

protein fibers

tissue fluid

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8
Q

What types of cells form connective tissue?

A

resident or fixed
*derived locally and present in relatively constant numbers

immigrant or wandering
*migrate in from the blood or bone marrow

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9
Q

What are some examples of resident cells?

A

mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, reticular cells, and adipose cells

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10
Q

What are some examples of immigrant cells?

A

macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, and other blood-derived CT cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)

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11
Q

Some mesenchymal cells remain ___ in adult connective tissue and serve as ___ for new fibroblast, smooth muscle, or endothelial cell differentiation

A

undifferentiated; stem cells

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12
Q

What are mesenchymal cells called when found near blood vessels?

A

pericytes or adventitial cells

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13
Q

Mesenchymal cells typically have a ___ nucleus with prominent nucleoli and ___ cytoplasm than the fibroblasts that they otherwise resemble

A

large; less

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14
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

The most numerous and ubiquitous of all connective tissue cells

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15
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesize and secrete?

A

ECM including CT fibers

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16
Q

Can we morphologically distinguish between the synthetically and mitotically active fibroblast and the inactive, resting fibrocyte?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Describe fibroblasts

A

Oval, euchromatic nucleus with several prominent nucleoli and a basophilic cytoplasm due to a well-developed RER

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18
Q

Describe the fibrocyte

A

Shorter and more spindle-shaped with a more heterochromatic nucleus and acidophilic cytoplasm

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19
Q

Fibrocytes may revert to the fibroblast state to participate in ___

A

tissue repair

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20
Q

During adult wound healing, a special type of fibroblast appears called a ___ that shares features of a fibroblast and a smooth muscle cell

A

myofibroblast

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21
Q

Describe reticular cells

A

Stellate shape with long thin processes and a centrally placed, euchromatic nucleus shaped like an Idaho potato with a prominent nucleolus

22
Q

What do reticular cells do?

A

Produce reticular fibers that form the netlike stroma of hematopoietic, lymphoid and adipose tissues

23
Q

What are white adipose cells or adipocytes?

A

Cells specialized for lipid storage

24
Q

Why are adipocytes called signet ring cells?

A

Because the single droplet of lipid displaces both the nucleus and the cytoplasm to the edge of the cell

25
Q

The lipid is lost during routine histological preparation, but can be preserved by ___ fixation

A

osmium tetroxide

26
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Smaller than fibroblasts, have a heterochromatic, kidney shaped nucleus, and numerous vacuoles and granules in their cytoplasm from phagocytic activity

27
Q

They are most easily identified in tissue from animals that have been injected (while alive) with a colloidal dye such as ___

A

trypan blue

28
Q

Describe mast cells

A

Largest of the CT cells (20 to 30 microns in diameter). Their cytoplasm is filled with basophilic granules and they have a small, central nucleus

29
Q

Mast cells are frequently found around ___

A

blood vessels

30
Q

Describe plasma cells

A
  • large, ovoid cells with an eccentric nucleus and an abundant RER
  • nucleus has a characteristic clock face appearance because of a central nucleolus and heterochromatin clumps spaced around the inner surface envelope of the nucleus
  • cytoplasm exhibits a clear zone due to the active Golgi complex
31
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Medulla of lymph nodes and in the lamina propria of the stomach and intestines

32
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Colorless and transparent mixture that binds cells to connective tissue fibers

*formed mainly of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and structural glycoproteins

33
Q

The majority of glycosaminoglycans GAGs (except hyaluronic acid) are bound covalently to a protein core forming a ___

A

proteoglycan molecule

34
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

35
Q

Describe collagen fibers

A
  • composed of fibrils greater than 50 nm in diameter

- made of type I collagen

36
Q

Is collagen the most abundant protein in the human body?

A

Yes

37
Q

What are the three groups into which the family of proteins called collagens are divided?

A

Fibril forming collagens

Linking/anchoring collagens

Sheet-forming collagen (Type IV)

38
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A
  • composed of fibrils less than 50 nm in diameter

- composed mainly of collagen type III

39
Q

Ehlers-Danlos type IV disease

A

Caused by faulty transcription or translation of type III collagen and results in aortic and intestinal ruptures in areas where reticular fibers normally reinforce smooth muscle layers

40
Q

Describe elastic fibers

A
  • composed mainly of the protein elastin

- abundant in elastic ligaments and arteries

41
Q

What are the 3 different types of elastic fibers?

A

Oxytalan fibers (fibrillin)

Elaunin fibers

Elastin fibers

42
Q

Marfan’s syndrome

A

Mutations in the fibrillin gene where patients risk aortic rupture and hypermobile joints

43
Q

Describe loose connective (areolar) tissue

A

Consists of a loose network of different fiber types in which many fixed and wandering cells are suspended

44
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

Contains collagen fibers that predominate over cells

  • regular
  • ropelike arrangement of fiber bundles
  • irregular
  • fabric-like arrangement
45
Q

What is the predominant cell of the dense connective tissue?

A

Fibrocyte (mature fibroblast)

46
Q

Describe reticular connective tissue

A

Previously called hematopoietic tissue of the subgroup connective tissue with special properties is made of reticular cells and reticular fibers

47
Q

Describe unilocular (common, yellow or white) adipose tissue

A

Composed of cells with a single large droplet of fat

48
Q

Describe multilocular (brown) adipose tissue

A

Composed of cells that contain many lipid droplets per cell and abundant mitochondria around a centrally placed nucleus

49
Q

Which one is much more abundant, unilocular fat or multilocular fat?

A

Unilocular fat

50
Q

Where does fat develop from?

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells via lipoblasts

51
Q

Multilocular fat occurs primarily in the ___

A

human fetus

Unit 5 (36 decks)

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