11/12/2014 Gross Anatomy Heart Susan Stearns

Question 1

Where is the heart located in the chest?

Answer 1

Middle mediastinum

Question 2

What is the pericardium?

Answer 2

Double-layered fibrous sac surrounding the heart

Question 3

What is a complication of pericarditis?

Answer 3

Cardiac tamponade–when fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity, compressing the heart and limiting the amount of blood flowing through it.

Question 4

What is pericardiocentesis?

Answer 4

A procedure to relieve the pressure on the heart in cardiac tamponade/pericarditis.

Question 5

Where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 5

The tip of the left ventricle

Question 6

The grooves between the chambers contain the major branches of the coronary arteries are called:

Answer 6

sulci

Question 7

Where are the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes located?

Answer 7

Right atrium

Question 8

Where are trabeculae carneae found?

Answer 8

Ventricles, the muscular folds in the thick ventricular walls

Question 9

What are the distinguishing features of the left ventricle?

Answer 9

1. thick trabeculae carnae 2. anterior and posterior papillary muscles 3. chordae tendinae

Question 10

Rheumatic fever can cause _______ of the mitral valve.

Answer 10

Stenosis

Question 11

If the opening of the pulmonary trunk or of the aorta is stenotic due to disease or deformation of the leaflets of their valves, their respective ventricles may become enlarged. This finding is called:

Answer 11

Hypertrophy

Question 12

The first heart sounds reflect the closing of the:

Answer 12

AV valves

Question 13

The _______ heart sounds reflect the closures of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

Answer 13

Second

Question 14

Consider the following situations: 1. papillary muscle dysfunction, 2. rupture of chordae tendinae, 3. incompetence of a valve, 4. disease of a valve, 5. congenital malformations of valves, vessels or chambers. These situations all describe causes of what pathology?

Answer 14

Heart murmur

Question 15

The right and left coronary artieries arise from what region of the ascending aorta?

Answer 15

Aortic sinus

Question 16

What is the concept of a “dominant coronary artery?”

Answer 16

The source of the posterior descending artery–in over half the population, the dominant coronary artery is a branch of the right coronary. These people have “right dominance.”

Question 17

What is the SA node?

Answer 17

Cluster of cells in the RA, it’s the pacemaker of the heart. The electrical signal travels from here to the AV node.

Question 18

What structure transmits the conduction impulse to the ventricular cardiac monocytes?

Answer 18

Purkinje fibers

Question 19

What could be the symptoms of a patient suffering from acute tamponade?

Answer 19

• elevated jugular venous pressure –> due to impaired venous return to the right atrium
• distention of the veins of the neck and forehead
• Indistinct heart sounds and hypotension –> due to decreased cardiac output