11 Flashcards
Fallow
and that is left unsown in order to restore its fertility
Subsity
A financial support provided by a government to a business or individual, typically to promote a specific economic or social objective
Ex: The US government providing financial support to farmers through the Farm Bill.
Intensive Farming
a type of agricultural production that involves the use of high levels of inputs, such as chemicals, fertilizers, and , in order to maximize crop yields
Intensive Farming Practices
high-yielding crop varieties, the application of and to promote plant growth and control pests, and the use of to ensure that crops have a consistent supply of water.
Irrigation
rrigation is a method used in farming to supply water to crops through artificial means such as pipes, ditches, or sprinklers.
Drip Irrigation
A type of micro-irrigation system that allows water to drip slowly onto roots of plants. Like sipping on a drink through a straw rather than gulping it down all at once.
Pesticides
Pesticides are substances used to prevent, destroy, or control pests such as insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, and other organisms considered harmful to plants.
DDT used to control mosquitoes. doesnt break down easily
Chemical Fertialier
Chemical fertilizers are man-made compounds applied to soil to increase its fertility and promote plant growth.
Monoculture
This is the practice of growing a single crop over a large area.
crops r at risk of pests or disease
Factory farming
This is a type of intensive animal production that involves confining large numbers of animals in small spaces and providing them with a highly controlled diet and environment. can be efficient in terms of producing meat, milk, and eggs, but it can also have negative impacts on animal welfare and the environment.
Mixed crops and live stock why is it better than MONOO?
the crops and live stock can benefit each other and help reduce soil feritlity and reduce need for external inputs
EX: Animal waste manure can be used to fertilize soil.
The crops can be used to feed the animals
More of a range of things to sell reducing the range of relying on single crop or animal
Plantation agriculture
Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are planted with a single crop species, such as sugar cane, coffee, or rubber.
typically a tropical export crop such as coffee, cocoa, or bananas, on a large piece of land
CASH CROPS!!
Neg: soil degradation, water pollution, and negative impacts on small farmers.
Nomadic herding
Nomadic herding is an agricultural activity that involves the rearing of livestock in a pattern of constant movement, due to changes in forage supply and weather conditions.
Ranching
Ranching is a type of farming practice where large herds of animals (like cattle or sheep) are raised on extensive, open land for their meat or wool.
An extensive type of farming where live stock is allowed to roam
Shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily then abandoned while post-disturbance fallow vegetation is allowed to freely grow back.
Extensive farming systems
are often characterized by large land holdings, low levels of mechanization, and a reliance on natural resources such as sunlight and rainfall to support crop growth. These systems are typically found in areas with low population density and abundant land, where the cost of inputs such as fertilizers and water is high.
Subsistence farming
This is a type of agriculture that is carried out to produce food and other necessities for the farmer and their family, rather than for sale on the market. Subsistence farmers may grow a variety of crops and raise animals for their own consumption, and may rely on traditional farming methods and local resources.
Linear Settlement
which are characterized by a long, narrow arrangement of structures along a transportation corridor.
why:
- transportation infrastructure is important\
- limited land for development
- Bad need to provide structure service over long narrow area
Clustered Settlement
- Fam live to close proximity of each other
Agriculture based community- composed of houses and farm buildings
-Fields surround the community
WHy: - may emerge around natural resources
- overcrowding, concentraiton of environmental impacts
Long Lot
Land is divided into narrow lots perpendicular to a river, road, or canal
These lots stretch from buildings or houses to the river, road, etc.
Gives everyone equal access to the “resource” (i.e. the river, road, or whatever else the lot connects to)
Metes and Bounds
Defines the boundaries of a piece of land based on the physical landscape, directions, and distances
Metes = a specific, measured boundary
Bounds = a general boundary (waterways, walls, existing buildings, etc)
Township and Range
Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (townships) and divided again into one-mile square blocks (range)
Ranges are broken further into smaller parcels for people to develop
Mechanization
he process of changing from working largely or exclusively by hand or with animals to doing work with machinery.
Genetic Modification
the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. It’s often used in agriculture to create crops that are more resistant to pests, diseases, and harsh environmental conditions
Fertile Crescent/ Mesopotamia.
- Fertile Soil. Ideal for crops
- Located between tigris and euphrates river
- Bread, Grain, Olives, Apples
- Hearth of first Neolithic Agricultural revolution
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution was a period in human history when people began to shift from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, leading to the creation of civilizations.
- Transition from hunting and gathering to growing plants and raising livestock -> people began to understand seeds, watering, and plant/animal care
- Spread through contagious diffusion.
Nile river
- North East Africa
- Lentils beans flax
- ## 2nd urban hearth
Columbian Exchange
- A variety of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies were exchanged between the Americas and the Eastern hemisphere
- widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries following Christopher Columbus’s voyages.
- Seeds
Second Agricultural Revolution
- developed in Britain
- Canning and refrigeration
- Allowed to store food
- -
Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement was a process in England during the late 18th century where open fields were converted into individually owned pieces of land through legislation.
- second revolution
Selective Breeding
- 2nd revolution
- Farmers began to selectively breed animals in order to produce offspring with desired traits. This resulted in the development of new breeds of animals that were more productive and efficient.
- Also plants
- Usually the bigger the better
New Crops
- 2nd revolution
- Potatoes
- Turnips (root vegetables) (resistant to pest and diseases)
- Plants that have been discovered or genetically modified
Improved tools (2nd)
- Threshing Machine
- seed drill
Green Revolution (third)
- Latin America, Asia, and Africa, including Mexico, India, and Pakistan.
- More modern gmo stuff
- Agricultural machinery, Tractors
- Biotechnolgy
- Plant breeding (changing the traits of plants to produce desired traits)
- Miracle seeds (modified seeds that have been engineered for superior qualities)
Neg impacts of green rev
Environmental Degradation
Dependence on Tech (can be expensive)
Health Risks (PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED ABT GMOS)
Bid Rent Theory
The distance between the cbd (Central business district) and land.
Value of land is higher when closer to CBD because you are closer amenities such as jobs, transportation and other resources.
Von Thunen Model
the spatial organization of agriculture is influenced by the distance of the farm from the market and the cost of transportation.
- farms located closer to the market will be most profitable bc they can sell at higher price and less shipping cost
- farms located farther less profit. lower cost and high shipping
4 zones of Von Thunen Model
- Intensive Agriculture and Diary
Fresh milk, Diary Products, certain fruits and vegetables
These products spoil quickly and are high in demand, so they needed to be closest to the marketplace
This farmland was high in demand (because of its accessibility) and very expensive as a result - Forest
Heavy loads would be difficult to carry if located far away - Extensive Field Crops
Grains - Ranching
Cheaper land
self transporting
Luxury Crops
Crops that are grown for high value not for human necessities.
Coffee Cocoa tobacco
Fair Trade Agreement
An agreement that promotes the fair treatment of workers and the sustainable production of goods, often by establishing minimum prices for certain products and requiring environmentally sustainable practices
Ex: The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy are examples of fair trade agreements
Overgrazing
is the excessive use of grazing land by livestock, which can lead to the degradation of the land.
- occurs when livestock exceeds the grazing capacity
Desertification
When fertile land becomes desert like.
climate change, overuse in land.
Soil Salinization
When soil becomes too salty.
If soil is too salty it can lead to declines in crop yeild.
caused by irrigation with salty water
biotechnology
the use of living organisms to increase products
For:
- More crops
- Prolonged freshness
- can modify organisms for specific purposes
Against:
- Consuming large amounts can be bad for antibiotics and can affect the ecological balance
GMO
Genetically modified organisms altered organisms that do not occur naturally
FOR:
- Higher yields
- Resistant to pests
- tolerant to droughts
- reduced cost for food
Against:
- Environmental hazards (unwanted gene transfers)
- Unknown or unintended heatlh risks
-
Organic Farming
An agriculture style that cultivate crops without the use of synthetic substances
What crops are the midwest known for (US)
This region is known for its fertile soil and is a major producer of crops such as corn, wheat, and soybeans.
What crops are canada known for
This region has a temperate climate and is a major producer of wheat, canola, and other grains.
What crops are the yangtzee river in china known for
This region has a humid, subtropical climate and is a major producer of rice, wheat, and other crops.
Monocropping
Growing the same shit year after year depleting the soil
Round village
easier for food to be transported.
Grid village
modern village. laid out in street patterns
Walled village
A village in a wall that was used for protection.
places of Monoculture
Midwest us cornbelt
Southeast Asia Palm Oil
Central Valley California Almonds, grapes, citrus fruit
Places of cash crop
Brazil: coffee
Kenya: Coffee
India: Rice
China: Rice, Cotton
US: Corn
Burgundy region
In france
known for its vineyards
