10th Grade Midterm Review Flashcards
An astronomer who believed The universe was heliocentric, or sun-centered and the Earth revolved around the sun.
Nicholaus Coperincus
A scientist who built a telescope to prove Copernicus’ theory.
Galileo
Scientist who discovered the law of gravity explaining the movement of the planets and how objects fall on the earth.
Sir Issac Newton
People began to use the scientific method and reason to question the world around them.
Scientific Revolution
When kings and queens had complete control over government and the lives of their subjects.
Absolute Monarch
The belief that a king’s authority (power) came directly from God
Divine Right Theory
limited the power of the British gov’t,
introduced fundamental rights (trial by jury, due process of law)
Magna Carta
Limited the power of the British Monarch (no standing army, free elections, right of petition, parliamentary checks on power)
English Bill of Rights
natural rights, established concept of rule of law
English Petition of Rights
1700s movement where people questioned traditional ideas and supported belief in logic and reason
Enlightenment
Separation of powers, 3 branches of government
Baron de Montesquieu
Freedom of speech
Voltaire
Social Contract
Jean Jacque Rousseau
Absolute Monarchy, Social Inequality, Enlightenment and American Revolution
4 Main Causes of the French Revolution
Paris prison/fortress that represented the authority and abuses of the king. Marks the start of the French Revolution.
French people revolted and took it over by force
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
Radical stage of French Revolution, In 1792 when Maximillien Robespierre took over. Many die as result.
Reign of Terror
In 1799, He overthrows the French gov’t and becomes Emperor of France .
Napolean Bonaparte
A forceful overthrow of the government
Coup d’etat
Fixed French economy, created public school system
Napoleonic code : legal system, uniform laws & everyone is equal.
Napoleon’s Accomplishments
Napoleon’s army was mostly destroyed by Russia (Russia used a scortched-earth policy and they had brutally cold winters)
Napoleon was defeated by an Alliance of European nations in 1814 and exiled. He returned to power in 1815 but was defeated again at the decisive battle of Waterloo. He lived the rest of his life in exile.
Napoleon’s Defeat
French Revolution provides an example to other nations, specifically Latin America
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” and French democratic ideas spread throughout Europe
The middle class gained power in France
Major Effects of the French Revolution
Designed to bring stability and order to Europe by repressing the feelings of Nationalism and preventing liberal political change unleashed by Napoleon.
Congress of Vienna
The ability to prevent one nation from becoming too powerful.
Balance of Power
He led resistance movements against the Spanish, winning, independence for Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru & Bolivia
Simon “The Liberator” Bolivar
He led resistance movements against the Spanish, winning, independence for Argentina & Chile
Jose de San Martin
He led resistance movements against the French, winning, independence for Haiti becoming the only successful slave revolt in the western hemisphere
Toussaint L’Overture
Educated social class that led Latin American Independence movements and resented the ruling elite.
Creoles
Civil War & Political Instability, Rise of Dictatorships
Conditions in Latin American After Independence Movements End
Strong feelings in one’s country. Usually people share the same language and customs.
Nationalism
German unification leader who used a strategy called “Blood and Iron”
Otto Von Bismark
A strategy which involved using skillful diplomacy and Prussian military power to achieve German unification.
Blood and Iron
The change from human and animal power to steam power
Industrial Revolution
-The Agrarian Revolution- Increased farming production
-New Technology - seed drill and improved fertilizer
This led to a population explosion due to surplus food
-The Steam Engine - power source of the Industrial Revolution
Causes of Industrial Revolution
-Machines were used in building called factories
-Mass Production of goods
-Laissez-faire capitalism
-Development of the middle class
-Urbanization
-New technology - Railroads, canals, steam engine
Effects of Industrialization
More people moved to the cities to work in factories
Urbanization
Hands off approach where its the belief that if government does not get involved in business (the unregulated market), business will be successful and profit
Laissez-faire capitalism
Long hours, Unsafe Conditions, Little Pay, No Safety Measures in Factories
Working Conditions during the Industrial Revolution
“The father” of communism who wrote the Communist Manifesto.
Karl Marx
-Belief in government ownership of property.
-The theory is that everyone works for the whole of society, and that it will benefit everyone.
Communism
“The father”of capitalism who wrote the Wealth of Nations.
Adam Smith
-Belief in individual ownership and competition.
-The theory is that when everyone is selfish, it benefits everyone.
Capitalism
The workers aka the “have nots”
Proletariat
The middle class and upper elite aka “the haves”
Bourgeoisie
Refers to the political and
economic control of one area or country
by another
Imperialism
Economic Motives (Mercantilism),Nationalism, Balance of Power, White Man’s Burden
Causes of Imperialism
The European’s sense of superiority made them feel obligated to “civilize the savages” they conquered. For example providing new technology, infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals) education, building hospitals, distributing medicine, etc.
White Man’s Burden
The belief that some societies were more
successful because their cultures were
superior. Survival of the fittest, Strong countries will thrive, weak countries will be taken over bc that’s what nature intended.
Social Darwinism
Economic system where colonies are established to make money for the Mother country.
Mercantilism
European countries met to “carve up”/divide parts of Africa
Berlin Conference
South African tribe fought against imperialists
Zulus
White settlers in South Africa
Boers
Sepoys had to bite off bullet cartridges which they thought were greased with pork or beef fat. Muslim and Hindu soldiers believed they were being forced to violate their religion. Angry sepoys rose up against British officers. The rebellion
spread to cities across India.
Effects on British Rule- The British government abolished the East India Company and took over formal rule of India.
Sepoy Rebellion
British trade with China centered around opium. The British imported opium from India to China in exchange for silk. As Chinese become addicted, China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not comply, leading to this war… won by Britain due to their advanced weapons.
Opium War
1900 movement by Chinese nationals (nicknamed Boxers for their experiences in mixed martial arts) to throw out the foreigners. It was a failure. Westerners send in 20,000 soldiers to put down the rebellion.
Boxer Rebellion
Japan entered a period of rapid industrialization and modernization
Meiji Restoration
1904 - Japan defeats Russia in this war….Japan had few natural resources and needed to expand & gain new markets. Japan became a world power
Russo-Japanese War
France, GB, Russia, Serbia (Later U.S.) side during WWI
Triple Entente
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria’s side during WWI
Central Powers
Machine Guns, Howitzers, Chemical Warfare: Mustard and Chlorine Gas, Trench Warfare
Technology Used During WWI
No decisive winner in battle (tie)
Stalemates
-Ended WWI
-Punished Germany
-Made Germany accept full responsibility for starting the war , -They had to pay 33 billion dollars in reparations to the victors, -They had to cede their colonies and demilitarize
Treaty of Versailles
March 1917, military defeats, shortages of fuel, food and housing in Russia sparked this historic event…….Czar Nicolas II was forced to abdicate, or give up his rule when the Russian troops refused to obey his orders.
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
He led the Bolshevik soldiers, sailors, and factory workers in an uprising that overthrew the Russian government.
He gained the support of the people by promising “Peace, Land, and Bread.”
Vladimir Lenin
AKA the communists, they promised to end Russia’s involvement in WWI, give land to the peasants and put an end to food shortages.
Bolsheviks
