107 General Aviation Fundamentals Flashcards
Define Newton’s First Law of Motion
An object at rest will remain at rest, or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until acted upon by an outside force.
Define Newton’s Second Law of Motion
If an object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an outside force, the change of motion, or acceleration, will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
Define Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Describe Inertia
the willingness of an object to remain at rest or continue in motion unless acted upon by an outside force
Describe Acceleration
The rate of change of the speed and/or velocity of matter with time
Describe Speed
The rate of movement or motion in a given amount of time. (i.e. 60mph)
Describe Velocity
The speed of an object over a given time AND direction (i.e. 200mph due north)
Define Bernoulli’s Principle
When a liquid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing of the tube, the speed of the fluid passing through the construction is increased and its pressure is decreased. (when velocity is increased, pressure is decreased.)
Discuss Wind Warnings and their effect on naval aviation
- Small Craft-harbor and inland waters (18-33 knots)
- Gale- same plus ocean areas, airfields & installations (34-47 knots)
- Storm- same (48+ knots)
Discuss Hurricane/Typhoon conditions and their effect on naval aviation
Destructive winds of 80 knots or greater are occurring or anticipated within: I. 12 hrs II. 24 hrs III. 48 hrs IV. 72 hrs V. 96 hrs
Discuss T-Storm/Tornado conditions and their effect on naval aviation
T2 - (watch) 25 mi or 6 hrs
T1 - (warning) 10 mi or 1 hr
Discuss Thunderstorm Watch/Warning
Watch - possible
Warning - storm sighted
Discuss Tornado Watch/Warning
Watch-conditions favorable for tornado
Warning-likely a tornado exists.
Discuss Winter Storm Advisory
Possible snow or other winter conditions which could pose a threat to specific personnel, but not a large enough hazard to alert the general public
Discuss Winter Storm Watch/Warning
Watch-occurrence, location, time uncertain
Warning-imminent or occurring
Discuss Wind Shear
Rapidly changing wind speed and direction
Discuss Micro burst
Can cause aircraft to suddenly speed or slow, causing drop onto runway
Discuss SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Advisory:
Convective - thunderstorms
Non-Convective - turbulence, ice
Describe Lift
The force that pushes up on the airfoil
Describe Weight
The force that interacts with gravity to pull the aircraft down
Describe Drag
The resistance to motion
Describe Thrust
Force that pushes the aircraft along
Describe the Longitudinal Axis
The imaginary reference line that runs from the nose to the tail of an aircraft
Describe the Lateral Axis
The imaginary reference line that runs from one side to the concurrent other side of an aircraft
describe the Vertical Axis
The imaginary reference line that runs straight up and down through the top and bottom of an aircraft
State the three primary movements of aircraft about the axes
Roll, pitch and yaw
Identify and state the purpose of the primary flight controls for Fixed-Wing Aircraft
Yoke, throttle, rudder pedals, and some planes have flap levers, spoiler levers, trim controls and a tiller)
Identify and state the purpose of the primary flight controls for Rotary Wing Aircraft
Collective, cyclic, tail rotor pedals
State the purpose of Flaps
Gives aircraft extra lift
State the purpose of Spoilers
Used to decrease wing lift
State the purpose of Speed Brakes
Used to reduce the speed of aircraft
State the purpose of Slats
Attached to leading edge of wing for boundary layer control, increase/decrease angle of attack
State the purpose of the Horizontal Stabilizer
Stability of vertical and longitudinal axis, directional stability
State the purpose of the Vertical Stabilizer (what planes have on the tail)
Stability of longitudinal axis, directional stability
State the purpose of the Tail Rotor
Counteracts torque action of main rotor by producing thrust in opposite direction
State the purpose of the Trim Tabs
Located on the back of an elevator to keep the aircraft level
Explain the term Angle of Attack
The angle at which the airfoil encounters the air
Explain the term Autorotation
Using the main rotors as a parachute and trading Nr for Np. Let the air flow up through the main rotor to spin it quickly, then dump that speed by flaring close to the ground and set down much more gently than otherwise
State the components of a basic hydraulic system
Reservoir, pump, tubing, a selector valve, actuating unit to convert pressure into work
Describe and explain the main components of landing gear
Shock and strut assembly, tires, wheel brake assembly, retracting and extending mechanism (most planes and helos) side struts and supports, weight on wheels switch
State the safety precautions used when servicing aircraft tires (on the aircraft)
Approach from fore and aft (NEVER from the side), deflate carefully and deflate when removing from the aircraft. Tires are treated as ordnance.
Describe the Turbojet engine system
Projects a column of air to the rear for propulsion(F-18)
Describe a Turboshaft engine system
Delivers power to a driveshaft which in turn provides power to rotors or propulsion device (H-60)
Describe a Turboprop engine system
Engine powers a propeller which pulls aircraft through the air (C-130)
Describe a Turbofan engine system
Same as Turboprop except the propeller is replaced with an enclosed fan. Much safer than Turboprop and more efficient (P-8)
State the NATO symbols and explain the characteristics and reason for the use of JP-4
F-40. Never used on ships because of an overly low flash point (-10F). It’s inefficient and has a flamespread rate between 700-800 feet per minute. Extremely volatile and very bad for engines.
Define the term flash point
Flash point describes the lowest temperature at which a fuel can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture with air.
State the NATO symbols and explain the characteristics and reason for the use of JP-5
F-44. Only fuel authorized for use aboard ships because its flash point is 140F (60C), the lowest flash point considered to be safe for naval vessels. Flamespread rate of 100fpm
State the NATO symbols and explain the characteristics and reason for the use of JP-8
F-34. Not authorized for use aboard ships because the flashpoint is 100F (40C). Acceptable for use on land, however, JP-5 is most preferred for naval aircraft. Flamespread rate of 100fpm
Describe the three hazards associated with aircraft refueling
- Fuel sample must be good to go. If the first one is not, drain a gallon from the hose and take another sample. If that one is good, proceed to fueling. If it isn’t, discontinue fueling.
Explain HERO conditions
Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance. HERO means turn off radios and transmitters when susceptible bombs are around because the electricity emitted could set them off. T-storms are especially dangerous in ordnance-prone areas. (302 ft)
Explain the purpose of the APU
Provide ground service and emergency power.
Discuss icing and its effects on the performance of naval aircraft
Frequent icing could damage actual components of the aircraft, and a large amount of ice could unbalance the aircraft and make it extremely difficult to control. It increases weight and drag, decreases efficiency, and reduces lift of rotors
State the purpose of the Pitot-Static Tube
Connects to the airspeed, altimeter and rate-of-climb calculators. Old-school backup system that was replaced by an actual computer because of a slight delay in information posting to the displays
State the purpose of the Airspeed Indicator
Displays speed of aircraft in relation to the air in which it’s flying
State the purpose of the Altimeters
Tell you how far up you are, altitude
State the purpose of the Rate-of-climb
Tells you how fast you’re moving either up or down
State the purpose of the Attitude Bank Indicator
Displays the relative position of the aircraft compared to the earth’s horizon (tilt-meter)
State the purpose of the Turn and Bank Indicator
Tells you what degree you’re rolling to (Angle of Bank)
State the purpose of the Navigation Systems
Marks your relative position on the globe
State the purpose of the IFF/SIF
Identification Friend or Foe/Selective Identification Feature-Programmed to transmit a certain “squawk” code that indicates whether or not the squawking aircraft is friendly, in distress, broken radios, etc.
State the purpose of the RADAR
Used to track developing weather and to keep an eye on aircraft and vessels
State the purpose of the Magnetic Compass
Tells you what direction you’re heading. NESW
State the purpose of the Communication Systems
Ensures everyone is able to communicate with whoever they need to. Crew, swimmers, towers, base, downed aircrew, survivors, etc.
State the purpose of Bombs
Unguided explosives, not propelled, simply dropped.
State the purpose of the Rockets
Propelled bombs. Unguided, only go straight forward in the direction they’re pointed
State the purpose of Missiles
Propelled, guided via laser, heat signature, optics, etc. Explode on contact.
State the purpose of Mines
Passive defense/attack system. Underwater mines are triggered by sound, magnetics or contact
State the purpose of Torpedoes
Underwater missiles fired by subs and boats. Both guided and unguided to targets
State the purpose of Chaff/Flares
Deterrent to radar/IR missiles fired at a target. Could keep you alive
State the purpose of Crew Served Weapons
Gau-21, M240D, etc. We get guns in self defense
Explain the purpose of a Fuse
Protective device designed to break in case of a surge of energy the electrical component can’t handle. Instantly severs the electrical current and cannot be reset
State the purpose of a Circuit Breaker
Same as a fuse but they can be reset. Not a good idea to reset them too many times though.
Describe the three hazards associated with jet fuel
dirty fuel, ppe to protect from vapors/irritation, gravity refueling not authroized while rotors turning
State the difference between fixed-wing and rotor airfoils
FixedWing- mostly stationary and more cambered on the top and flat on the bottom.
Define an airfoil
shape of wing/rotor blade. air goes above and below, air on top of the airfoil speeds up and stretches out, it creates lower pressure, so the higher pressure underneath tries to move up toward the lower pressure on top of the airfoil and thus creates lift.
