104 Expeditionary First Aid Flashcards
What is the purpose of First Aid
- Save lives
- Prevent further Injury
- Minimize and Prevent infection
Causes and treatments for ASPHYXIATION
Caused by:
- Airway Obstruction
- Drowning, gunshot, explosion, chemical inhalation
Treat:
- Clear Airway
- CPR
- Heimlich Maneuver
Causes and treatments for HEMORRHAGE
Causes:
- Amputations
- gun shot
- knife wounds (creating loss of blood)
Treat:
- direct pressure
- tourniquet
- plug wound
Causes and treatments for CARDIAC ARREST
Caused:
- Heart attack
- blood loss
- Asphyxiation or Shock
Treatments:
-Severe injury left untreated
Causes and treatments for FRACTURES
Caused:
- Jumps
- Vehicle accidents
- blasts and bullets
3 Causes and for BURNS
Chemical
Fire
Electrical
Possible causes and treatment for SHOCK injury
Hypovolemic (blood/body fluids)
Neurologic (failure of nervous system)
Possible causes and treatment for CARDIOGENIC injury
Heart failing to pump blood accurately
Possible causes and treatment for SEPTIC injury
Presence of Severe Infection
Possible causes and treatment for ANAPHYLACTIC injury
Life threatening allergic reaction
Causes and Treatment for SHOCK
failure of heart and blood vessels to maintain blood flow
Treatment:
- place on back, legs elevated 6 to 12 in
- control bleeding
- Direct pressure/Pressure point
- Tourniquet
Describe the Types of FRACTURES
OPEN (Compound) - breaks the skin
CLOSED (Simple) - does not break skin
What are some signs and symptoms of FRACTURES
Signs:
- discoloration
- bruising
- swelling
- external wound
Symptoms:
- numbness or tingling
- mild or severe pain in area
Treatment of fractures for an ARM
Forearm: stop bleeding/treat wound
- pneumatic splint or two (top and bottom)
- secure against body
Upper Arm:
- stop bleeding/treat wound
- use splints
- don’t try to straighten if Elbow Fracture
Treatment for fractures on LEG
Upper: stop bleeding immobilize
- armpit to foot, crotch to foot
- treat for shock and transport
Lower: stop bleeding immobilize
- 3 splints (one bottom)
- pneumatic (extra padded)
Knee Cap:
- Straighten from buttocks to knee pad
- 4” wide minimum
Treatment for fractures on JAW
Pull jab forward with bandage
- treat for shock
- have knife/scissors to cut in case of vomit
Treatment for fractures on NOSE
head tipped slightly backwards
- sit quietly
- breath through mouth
- cold compress
Treatment for fractures on SKULL
Keep victim lying down
- Raise head and shoulder if face is flushed
- lay flat if pale, even with body, watch for vomiting
Treatment for fractures on SPINE
Limit to no movement
- use spine-board
- do not lower head
- transport ASAP
Treatment for fractures on RIB
splint if needed, arm to chest to limit motion
Treatment for fractures on SHOULDER
-Bend victims arm on injured side, place forearm across chest. thumb up
What are the 4 types of Bleeding
Capillary - Slow/Oozing blood
Venous - Dark Red/Maroon in Steady Stream
Arterial - Life Threatening
Hemorrhage - veins & arteries
How do you treat Bleeding
Direct pressure
Pressure Dressing
Indirect Pressure
Tourniquet
What are the Symptoms of Shock
- Cold sweaty Skin
- Pale
- Weak but Rapid Pulse
- Irritability
- Anxiety
- Confusion
- Thirst
- Irregular breathing
- Dizziness
- Dialeded pupils
- nausea
Treatment for Shock
Position - on back with their legs elevated 6 to 12 inches
Control Bleeding
Symptoms and treatment of the types of burns
Rules of Nines
Thermal Burn - external Heat
Electrical Burn - electrical current (internal) in/out wound
Chemical Burn - acids, alkali (burn deep), chemicals
What are the 3 degrees of burns
First - 1st layer of skin
- red skin
- pain mild
Second - 2nd layer
- red, blistered
- moderate to severe pain
Third - all layers burned
- white, lifeless, charged black
- no pain
- nerves destroyed
- around is painful
What are the 2 types of Chest Wounds
Open
Closed
-considered serious, difficulty breathing and severe bleeding
What to do if person has Open Chest wound
Seal the wound
Leave one corner open to prevent build-up pressure
Lay casualty on affected side
What to do if person has Closed Chest wound
Get medical help immediately
Usually ribs are broken
Treatment of Chest Wounds
- ABC’s
- Locate edges
- Stabilize
- Prop casualty in semi-sitting position or lay on injured side
- Treat for shock
- Request immediate medical assistance
What do most injuries to the abdomen require
Surgery
Treatment of Abdominal Injuries
- ABC’s
- place in comfortable position
- remove clothing to assess injury
- treat for shock
- give nothing by mouth
- Request immediate medical assistance
Causes and symptoms for the following: HEAD INJURY
- driving accidents, wrecks
- falls
- blunt trauma
- knifes/bullets
Open or Closed, possible brain damage (confusion & seizures)
Causes and symptoms for the following: EYE INJURY
-Foreign bodies such as particles, dirt, sand, paper, paint chips or metal
Causes inflammation and infection
-dislodging by tears
What should you do to prevent further injury of the Eye
- Cover w/paper cup and cover other eye, to prevent involuntary use of other eye
- thick dressing or dressing in hole, cover around eye
- rolled bandage and wrap-it
How to treat a Facial Injury
make sure tongue nor soft tissue block the airway, position to where blood may drain if needed
keep victim laying down, transport in litter
What is a cold injury
blood vessels constricted due to exposure to cold and body heat is gradually lost
- Tissue is easily damaged
- Time, temp, humidity (exposure)
What are the two types of cold injuries
Hypothermia
Frostbite
What causes Hypothermia
Body looses heat faster then it can produce it
What are the symptoms of Hypothermia
- Faint Pulse
- Mentally Slow
- Slurred
- Tissue injury to exposure of temps 32 and below
- Slow and Shallow breathing
Treatments for Hypothermia
- Stop the loss of Heat
- Re-warm body evenly
- provide heat via other body/hot water bottle
What causes frostbite
Tissue injury from the exposure to cold
What are the two types of Frostbite
Superficial - skin surface
Deep - below the skin
How do you treat Frostbite
Warm the area using firm steady pressure
What are the 6 methods of transporting victims
- Stokes Stretcher (wire basket)
- Blanket Drag
- Firearm Carry
- Stretcher Carry (improvised)
- Arm Carry
- Pack Strap Carry
What are 3 types of heat injuries
- Heat Cramps
- Heat Exhaustion
- Heat Stroke
What causes heat cramps
loss of salt from the body
What causes Heat Exhaustion and its symptoms
Most common, caused by excessive sweating caused by hot environments
Symptoms:
- moist & clammy skin
- pupils Dilated
- normal or subnormal temperature
What is Heat Stroke and its symptoms
Life threathning emergency
-breakdown of the sweating mechanism
Symptoms:
- Dry hot skin
- Pupils Constricted
- Very High Body Temperature
What is NINE LINE MedEVAC
Line 1: Location
Line 2: Callsign, Radio Freq, and suffix
Line 3: Number of Patients (Urgent, Priority, Routine)
Line 4: Special Equip
Line 5: Number of Patients (litter/ambulance)
Line 6: Security of pickup site
Line 7: Markings at pickup site
Line 8: Nationality of patients
Line 9: NBC Contamination in Wartime/Terrain in peace
Steps regarding CARE UNDER FIRE
Drag casualty to cover, continue with mission/fight
Steps regarding TACTICAL FIELD CARE
- Scene security
- Evaluate casualties
- All others delayed
Steps regarding TACTICAL EVACUATION
Casualty and Medical evacuation
Special Gauze used in the field to aid in the control of bleeding
Combat Gauze - homeostatic dressing
Recently added to the 9-line MedEVAC report
Mechanism of injury - mine, gsw, rpg, rta
Injury - found and or suspected
Signs - pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate
Treatment given - morphine, tourniquet
What are 3 methods of communications where oral comms are not reliable
Arm and Hand Signals
Whistle signals
Special Signals (horns, shots, siren)
