104 Flashcards
General Investigation Model - VAWSEIPO
Victim - Identify and locate the victimAppreciation - Make initial appreciation. Assess personal risk and then preserve the lives of otherWitnesses - Locate and contain witnessesScene - Preserve the sceneExhibits - Note evidence and preserve any that would be otherwise destroyedIngredients - Consider if ingredients have been establishedPowers - Identify what powers are available Offenders - Identify and apprehend
F.C.G.P.
Freeze, Control, Guard, Preserve
Priorities tasks and assign duties: VOWES
Victim, Offender, Witnesses, Exhibits and Immediate Scene
Crime Scene examination - Five components for success
Forensic teamworkPreservationDocumentationCommunicationFlexibility
What is a reconnaissance
The preliminary reconstructionAn appreciation A plan of action
The four search types
Grid- Divide scene into grids and search each squareLane - Divide scene into lane and search each laneSpiral - Start from a center point and search spiraling outwardsZone - Divide scene into into zones and search each zoneThere is also a sweep method- similar to lane, for open or large areas for people or large items
Scene Zones
Hot - The part of the scene requiring examination and evidence collectionWarm - A transition Zone to enable scene examiners to put on and take off protective clothingCold - A place within the outer cordon for meetings meals etc
Where should exhibits be sealed and packaged
In the hot zone, before being transitioned into the warm zone exhibits proccessing area
At a minimum what should be worn to avid contamination
Gloves and mask
What normally happens first, fingerprinting or DNA analysis
Fingerprinting
To seal exhibit bags, what to use and what not to use
Fold bag over twice and sealed with strong adhesive tape. Never use staples
Wet clothing,how to exhibit
Dry at room temp, do not use accelerated drying techniquesIf clothing is to be taken to see then takes ASAP clearly indicating that item is wet
Document examination, latent indentations before fingerprinting?
Yes indentations before fingerprint as indentations will be lost otherwise
Transfer methods for hair and fibre
One way- fibre rom suspects clothing found on car seatTwo way- suspects clothing on car seats and car seat fibres ar on suspects clothing
Can you fingerprint someone who is to be summonsed
Yes
Physical or mechanical fits, Should officer try and fit pieces together themselves
No, could damage potential evidence
Dress of the day for scene examination.
Overalls, gloves and shoe covers or protectors. Masks and hair caps may be required
Name the general investigation model?
VictimAppreciationWitnessesSceneExhibitsIngredients PowersOffender
Name the basic principals underpinning all serious crime investigations?
Appreciation ProcessPreserve Life / Preserve SceneIdentify & apprehend suspect / secure evidence / identify victim
If the Victim is taken to hospital, what steps should you follow?
- Obtain a medical opinion of the Victims condition2. Seize the Victims clothing3. Establish the Victims identity4. Obtain a pre-transfusion blood sample using a Police toxicology kit5. Seize any discarded bandages used to cover gunshot wounds and record position6. Arrange firearm residue samples in cases where firearm used7. Note and photograph injuries8. Arrange DNA swabs to be taken from the Victims skin9. Obtain details of any or all people who visit or contact Victim10. Conduct scoping interview with the Victim11. Conduct a preliminary interview with ambulance and emergency staff who treated the victim
What five steps should Police follow when they are first at a scene?
- Identify2. Secure3. Preserve4. Consider 5. Record
What are the duties of a scene guard?
- Secure scene- Record details- Control movements - Record movements- Brief others- Avoid disturbance - Protect scene- Brief replacement- respect secuirty- demonstrate courtesy
What steps must you follow when a Victim is showing no signs of life?
- Consider calling ambulance & administering resusatation. If Victim is moved then note original body position2. Remain with body until relieved3. Arrange Doctor to pronounce life extinct 4. Treat Victim as a scene5. Instruct medical staff to leave clothes on body6. If medical treatment was given request connecting tubes be left7. If possible scoping interviews with medical staff8 Ascertain if Victim spoke to anymore before death9. Record body position10. Objectively record everything11. Record all exhibits12. Sketch plan including position of body
Name the steps Police complete if the suspect has been identified at the scene?
- Separate from other people2. Consider condition - injured/alcohol/drugs3. Ask them to remain at the scene4. If suspects refuses to co-operate consider grounds to arrest5. Prevent cross contamination issues6. Suspect arrested/detailed - caution Suspect not arrested/detained - caution when required7. Consider searching vicinity of suspect8. Note suspect appearance and behaviour9. Record everything the suspect says10. Whenever possible interviews of suspect should be recorded on DVD.
General Investigation Model - VAWSEIPO
Victim - Identify and locate the victimAppreciation - Make initial appreciation. Assess personal risk and then preserve the lives of otherWitnesses - Locate and contain witnessesScene - Preserve the sceneExhibits - Note evidence and preserve any that would be otherwise destroyedIngredients - Consider if ingredients have been establishedPowers - Identify what powers are available Offenders - Identify and apprehend
F.C.G.P.
Freeze, Control, Guard, Preserve
Priorities tasks and assign duties: VOWES
Victim, Offender, Witnesses, Exhibits and Immediate Scene
Crime Scene examination - Five components for success
Forensic teamworkPreservationDocumentationCommunicationFlexibility
What is a reconnaissance
The preliminary reconstructionAn appreciation A plan of action
The four search types
Grid- Divide scene into grids and search each squareLane - Divide scene into lane and search each laneSpiral - Start from a center point and search spiraling outwardsZone - Divide scene into into zones and search each zoneThere is also a sweep method- similar to lane, for open or large areas for people or large items
Scene Zones
Hot - The part of the scene requiring examination and evidence collectionWarm - A transition Zone to enable scene examiners to put on and take off protective clothingCold - A place within the outer cordon for meetings meals etc
Where should exhibits be sealed and packaged
In the hot zone, before being transitioned into the warm zone exhibits proccessing area
At a minimum what should be worn to avid contamination
Gloves and mask
What normally happens first, fingerprinting or DNA analysis
Fingerprinting
To seal exhibit bags, what to use and what not to use
Fold bag over twice and sealed with strong adhesive tape. Never use staples
Wet clothing,how to exhibit
Dry at room temp, do not use accelerated drying techniquesIf clothing is to be taken to see then takes ASAP clearly indicating that item is wet
Document examination, latent indentations before fingerprinting?
Yes indentations before fingerprint as indentations will be lost otherwise
Transfer methods for hair and fibre
One way- fibre rom suspects clothing found on car seatTwo way- suspects clothing on car seats and car seat fibres ar on suspects clothing
Can you fingerprint someone who is to be summonsed
Yes
Physical or mechanical fits, Should officer try and fit pieces together themselves
No, could damage potential evidence
Dress of the day for scene examination.
Overalls, gloves and shoe covers or protectors. Masks and hair caps may be required
When packaging documents:- complete LABELS before attaching to exhibits package- include warning NOTES in labels if required- unfold dry PAPERS and package flat- enclose document packages between SHEETS of card- package a SERIES of eftpos documents together
True
Small quantities of powders or tablets found should be packaged in self sealing plastic bags in drugs envelope
True
A wet exhibit should be naturally dried, not packaged
True
An Exhibit package to be forwarded for analysis must:- be sealed by collector at time of collection- be accompanied by a POL143Note: not ‘labelled after sealing to prevent contamination or several items together’
True
Scene: window frame with tool marksAction:- photograph- take control samples- remove area for examination
True
Digital imaging guidelines direct that any image to be produced as evidence must:- be validated by the taker- downloaded on a police/secure computer- secured in a master copy format
True
Photos taken at the crime scene:- must only be printed from police computer- are subject to disclosure- cropped or enlarged for booklet
True
Digital cameras should be assigned to named position or employee
True
Notes should be examined first, not fingerprinted at the scene
True
When uplifting a phone:- Leave it switched on- Uplift and contact ECL for advice (Electronic Crime Lab)
True
Collect wet blood by sterile and dry swabs
True
- Deleted images CAN be retrieved- Deleting images in a digital camera WON’T OR SHOULDN’T remove the images from the camera- Digital images at the scene SHOULD be taken on an approved camera- Reformatting camera WON’T remove images
True
Any tool or sharp blade to be forwarded for DNA analysis should be packaged in a tube or cardboard box, taped, sealed and signed
True
Sequence for uplifting exhibit:- record in situ- notebook record of significance- collect/uplift- seal and secure
True
Latent Prints are:- revealed by use of reagents- sometimes obliterated in search- not visible to eye
True
Fire debris to be sealed in clean airtight tins
True
Scene records including photos; sketches; drawings and notebook entries to be completed prior to search and uplift of exhibits
True
Safety Precautions:- cover hands with double gloves- package securely- discard used gloves- do. It package wet material
True
Exhibits collected should be uplifted; packaged and examined by people wearing gloves and protective clothing
True
Minimum standard for DNA items:- handle one time at a time- wear gloves and masks
True
Get SOCO to 1S scene as latent prints might be on the body
True
Basic Electronic Rule:Off leave offOn leave on
True
Exhibit in a paper bag: must fold bag over 2-3 times and seal with tape
True
Adopting a search pattern assists to examine the scene in a thou rough and controlled Manner
True
Full protective clothing must be worn by anyone:- entering hot zone- transitioning too hot zone- examining exhibit in hot zone(Not when processing in warm zone)
True
Exhibit Schedule contains:- photographs and video/DVD tapes- ID no. of each exhibitNote: NOT ‘all material gathered for analysis’ or ‘only those collected at the crime scene’
True
Reconstruction is tA theory about what happened in the area over time
True
Examples of crime scenes subject to forensic scrutiny:- Get away car - Suspect located soon after- Series of documents in Fraud- Victim of an assaultNOT police interview
True
When managing Hot Zone, O/C has too:- brief examiners on search- establish transition area- display instructions on clothingNOT place guards at Hot Zone
True
Types of evidence at the scene that help with Modus Operandi:- how offender entered scene- what property damaged- where and when crime occurred
True
O/C exhibits role:- check LABEL on each exhibit- prepare DOCUMENTS to accompany exhibits- maintain LOG of exhibit movement- check exhibit PACKAGE sealed and signed- check COLLECTION is safely secured
True
Situation to most likely lead to cross contamination:When scene equipment is reused without cleaning
True
O/C scene must ensure persons working in scene:- package in clean and dry containers- directly briefed about zonal requirements- use gloves to remove and package exhibit
True
Common Approach Path (CAP) is used to control access to the scene to prevent contamination
True
It is not the job of the O/C to establish the relevance of exhibits to the enquiry
True
Zoning a Scene helps too:- control ACCESS to the crime scene- establish set rules for EVIDENCE collection- provide a FRAMEWORK for managing the scene- maintain APPROPRIATE standard for safety- avoid CONTAMINATION of scene and exhibits
True
Scene examination strategy record provides an overview of management strategies and procedures etc
True
Decontamination Zone Model is used at major scene as the scene will contain both biological and physical evidence
True
Search descriptions:Zone = separate areasSpiral = concentric circlesLane = even parallel linesGrid = even squares
True
Stepping plates:- used to direct pathway- easily placed and moved- easy to clean and reuse
True
Scene guard briefed too:- prevent unauthorised access- alert to circumstances of contamination- keep notebook of all movement
True
When communicating scene examination strategy the O/C scene must instruct:- where scene BRIEFINGS occur- how FORENSICS conducted- how scene SECURITY managed- search PATTERN for scene
True
Log movements into zones:Hot Zone - each examiner logs in and out (clip board hanging between warm and hot zone)Cold Zone - scene guard logs movements in and out
True
COLD ZONE:- log book records- scene strategy communicatedNOT clothing or packaging exhibits
True
WARM ZONE:Collecting; recording and securing the exhibit collection
True
Scene Reconnaissance:- Reconnaissance is preliminary INSPECTION OR SURVEY OR RECONSTRUCTION of the scene- Recon include and deliberate a purposeful SEARCH of the scene- The outcome of recon by the O/C scene is a plan for ACTION- Recon encompasses a 4 step APPRECIATION or pathway
True
Essential info at initial action for O/C scene handover is details of any post incident movement in the crime scene
True
DNA can be collected from samples of:- hair- cigarette butts- liquid and dry blood
True
When directed to a serious scene advise Comms the route you are taking and ETA for scene report
True
Establishing a ‘Common Approach Path’ (CAP) is the responsibility of the O/C Scene and not the initial action party
True
Dying persons statement is everything the victim could tell you about the incident
True
When setting boundaries you should:- use tape- use guards- regularly review the perimeter- cordon a large area
True
Information to give when handing over to O/C Scene: All Known Events
True
When 1S, don’t touch or move body under any circumstances
True
Avoid cross contamination by:- using different vehicles- separate interviewing officers- separate victim from others in scene
True
Uplift item if it cannot be protected from elements
True
Accompany victim to the hospital to ensure clothing is protected and preserved
True
Initial reconnaissance to survey scene to establish action required to secure the scene
True
When conducting pre-luminary interview with possible offender you should make notebook entries of his details and demeanour
True
Plan for scene entry:- factors that affect preservation- delegate jobs- avoid suspect path
True
Avoid primary transfer of victim and suspect by:- separating them and keeping them apart- using different vehicles- interview in separate rooms
True
The purpose of a preliminary interview with the witness is too obtain details and gather information for briefing
True
Contamination of crime scene usually occurs through personnel within scene
True
Freeze the scene and no movement unless affected by the weather and it scene can’t be protected
True
Impressions may be left by:- item striking surface- tool mark- teeth or fingernail marks - sole of shoe- finger or palm prints
True
Chain of Evidence is the official record of exhibit collection, security and movement
True
Biological Material is:- hair- blood- semen- saliva
True
Physical Material is:- paint flakes- glass fragments- firearm residue- documents- clothing fibres- footwear impressions
True
Contamination occurs when:- biological material is added to exhibit- you wear the same gloves- lack of boundaries
True
Persistence refers to the length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
True
DNA deteriorates when packaging causes it to degrade and when exposed to the weather
True
Contamination = people entering and leavingDeterioration = rainTransfer = offender returningEvidential Integrity = exhibit movement not recorded
True
How to collect a dry sample of DNA from a crime scene
Dried stains can be scraped or swabbed
Evidence is relevant even if it doesn’t prove anything
True
Contamination occurs when:- exhibits not packaged correctly- equipment not cleaned- forensic material added to exhibit post incident
True
Transfer can occur between the victim and the offender when:- only one vehicle used- not separated at initial action- offender present prior to incident
True
Material collected at a crime scene is contaminated when:- equipment not cleaned- searcher leaves trace - people or animals enter- exhibits repeatedly handled
True
Trace evidence can be seen by human eye, biological or physical and usually in fragments or small particles
True
The ‘Golden Hour’ is when evidential material is more readily available at the scene
True
Secondary transfer is the indirect transfer of evidence to a third party. Eg. Woman dances with Man (A) then later dances with another Man (B) and transfers fibres from one man to the other
True
Elimination samples are taken from those who come into legitimate contact with evidence
True
In a forensic scene, what does persistence refer to
The length of time biological material can be detected following a crime
Elimination samples refer to samples taken from people who are not under investigation for the offence but may come into leg image contact with crime scene
True
Can impressions be left by…Drops of saliva and semenTools used as leverA finger or palm printSole of shoe
No YesYesYes
DNA is known to deteriorate under which of the following conditionsPackaging creates conditions that cause degradeExposed to extreme weather conditionsHanding without glovesExited body for up to two hours
TrueTrueFalseFalse
Evidence maybe affected when…Many people enter and leave sceneOffender taken back to scene for interviewMovement exhibits not recordedDoused in continuous rainfall
ContaminationTransferEvidential integrityDeterioration
Classify can’t main types of evidenceBloodPaint flakesSemenGlass fragments
BiologicalPhysicalBiologicalPhysical
Chains of evidence refers to
Official record of exhibit collection, security and movement
Evidence contamination may occur…Lacks clear boundaries and pathwaysSame gloves uplift different exhibitsBiological material inadvertently added to exhibitMaterial cannot be linked to investigation
TrueTrue TrueFalse
Tangible item that could be evidential material
A locked iPhone
Entomology is the science of studying
Insects
The relevance of forensic evidence is reliant upon what people say or do
False
Scenario eg of secondary transfer between
Woman and male B
Evidence is only relevant to an investigation if it has a tendency to prove anything that is of consequence to the case
False
Material can be contaminated whenExhibits repeatably handledSearcher leave traces on an exhibitScene equipment not cleanedPeople and animals enter scene
All true
The golden hour concept refers to the time when
Evidential material is more readily available at a crime scene
Situation describe transfer between victim and offender may occurOffender is present in scene prior to incidentProfessional medical assistance given to victimOne vehicle used to transport victim and offenderWhen victim and offender not separated for initial interview
Yes NoYesYes
Elimination samples are
Taken from people who had legitimate contact with scene or exhibit
Trace evidenceMaybe biological of physical natureUsually found in fragments or small piecesCannot be seen with human eyeMay only be seen by specialist forensic personnel
TrueTrueFalseFalse
Contamination may occur whenForensic material added to exhibit post incidentExposed to rain or sunshineNot correctly packaged or securedEquipment used not properly cleaned
TrueFalseTrueTrue
Preventing transfer forensic material byVictim and suspect not transported in the same vehicleScene guards appointed to take car of witness and suspectVictim and suspect separated at scene and kept apartInterviews conducted different rooms
True FalseTrueTrue
S29 offence and victim going to hospitalOfficer should accompany the victim to ensure
Clothing is collected and preserved for exhibit collection
Initial reconnaissance by first on scene officers at serious crime is to
Survey the scene to establish the action required at the scene
Initial action team must formulate a plan for scene entry thatAvoids known suspect path from the sceneDelegates responsibilities between themPriorities locating suspect above all elseConsider factors that may affect scene preservation
TrueTrueFalseTrue
Preliminary interview with suspicious male near scene of serious crime
Make notebook entry of this details and his demeanour
I car first on scene to serious crash. Constables first duties is to
Ensure the crash scene is safe as possible
Purpose prelim interview with witness at a scene is Ascertain legal reason to be at sceneGather information for your handover briefingAscertain who needs to be separated and kept apartObtain identifying particulars and contact details
FalseTrueFalseTrue
OC initial action could decide to uplift an item from a scene of serious crime when the item
Cannot be protected from the elements and will deteriorate
Blood and Bodily FluidCover abrasions on hands and use double glovesPackage exhibits securely and label biohazard warningDiscard gloves in biohazard containerPackage wet materials holding blood of bodily fluids promply
TrueTrueTrueFalse
Reformatting a digital camera ____ remove imagesDeleted images in a digital camera _____ remove the imagesDelete images ____ be retrieved from the memory cardDigital images taken at a crime scene ____ be taken on approved camera
Won’t or similarWon’tCanShould
Because deleted images can very easily be recovered from digital camera the guidelines direct
Digital camera are assigned to a named position or employee
Exhibit packaged and forwarded for analysisMay hold several items of evidenceMust be sealed by collected at the time of collectionMust be labelled to prevent contaminationMust be accompanied by completed POL143
FalseTrueFalseTrue
When packaging an exhibit in windowed paper bag or kleensak you must
Fold over the top of the bag 2-3 times and deal with tape
An exhibit that is wet should be prompley packaged sealed and labelled to avoid further deterioration
False
Digital images produced as exhibitBe secured in a master copy read only formatHave been downloaded to police computerBe validated by image numbering and the takerHave been taken by trained person
True TrueTrueFalse
Identify correct sequence for exhibits
Record the exhibit in situMake a notebook recordUse disposable gloves to uplift packageSeal, label and secure
Exhibit should be uplifted, packaged and examined only by people wearing gloves and protective clothing
True
Sketches, notebooks, drawings must be completed prior to searching and uplifting material
True
What can establish MO at a crime sceneFingerprints provide positive IDHow offender entered sceneWhat property removed or damagedWhen and where offence occurred
FalseTrueTrueTrue
What maybe subject to forensic scrutiny in serious crime. Vehicle used as getaway carSuspect located soon after incidentShopkeeper who is victim of serious assaultPolice interview
TrueTrueTrueFalse
Managing hot zoneDisplay instructions about protective clothingEstablish transaction area from hot zone protectionPlace guards to monitor hot zone entry and exitBrief examiners on search strategy
TrueTrueFalseTrue
OC exhibits responsibilities includeChecking an exhibit ____ is sealed and signedMaintain a ____ of exhibit movementChecking the _____ on each exhibit is completeChecking the _____ is safety secured
PackageLogLabelCollection
Adopt a search pattern assets to
Examine the end in a thorough and controlled manner
A reconstruction is a theory about what took place in a given area over a relevant period of time and how it is likely to have happened
True
Persons working in serious crime sceneAre directly briefed about zonal requirementsUse gloves to remove and package exhibitsPackage exhibits in clean and dry containersWork with haste to package and remove exhibits
True TrueTrueFalse
What isn’t responsibly of OC exhibits
Establish the relevance of the exhibit to the enquires
Full protective clothing must be worn by anyone…Examining exhibit found in the hot zoneProcessing and exhibit collection in warm zoneTransitioning from warm to hot zoneExtending hot zone by way of stepping plates
TrueFalseTrue True
What situation would most likely lead to cross contamination
When scene equipment is reused without cleaning
A common approach path to and from the crime scene is established to
Control access to the scene to prevent contamination
An exhibit schedule produced for court contains records All material gathered for forensic analysis Identification number allocated to each exhibitPhotographs and videoOnly those exhibits collected at the crime scene
FalseTrueTrueFalse
Intangible evidential material example
Facebook account
Not all homicides are readily identifiable as such. What are some ways a homicide may be initially reported to police?
- Report of a missing person- Sudden unexplained death of an infant- Unexplained death- Report of an abduction- Report of violence where no fatalities are anticipated- Crime scene without a body present- Hit and run vehicle collision- Suicide - Fatal fire- Drug-related deaths.
When attending a crime scene as the first responder we use the investigation model of VAWSEIPO what does this stand for?
V - VictimA - AppreciationW - WitnessS - SceneE - ExhibitsI - Ingredients P - PowersO - Offenders
What are the three key things to remember to do when first attending a crime scene?
Freeze, control, guard, and preserve the crime scene..
When first responding to a crime scene making appreciations while the investigation develops is important. What are the four steps of an appreciation?
1 - Aim2 - Factors3 - Courses open4 - Plan (and execute)
When you first arrive at the scene of a serious crime you will conduct an appreciation, what should you main priority be?
Conduct a reconnaissance of the scene, establish who is present, this may include injured people or a hidden offender. The main priority during this will always be to ensure the safety of the attending Police members and to avoid unnecessary disturbance to the scene.
Once you have established who is at the scene the victim/s can be put into three categories, what are they?
- Alive and uninjured- Alive but injured- Shows no signs of life
Once you have made sure everyone at the scene is safe and has been given medical treatment and if needed removed for further treatment and there is no one else needing assistance what is the next main priority?
Preserving the scene
If someone is moved in the scene or removed from the scene for medical treatment what should you do?
- Note the original body position and record any movements.- If the victim is removed from the scene gain the details of the ambulance crew and where they will be taking the victim, if possible have a detective accompany the victim to hospital. Otherwise, a detective should attend the hospital without delay.
If you are the detective attending the hospital for a victim of a serious crime there are 11 steps you should complete for the investigation. What are the first 4 steps?
1 - Obtain a medical opinion about the victim’s current medical condition2 - Seized the victim’s clothing and other possessions as evidence3 - Establish the victim’s identity4 - Obtain a pre-transfusion blood sample using Police Toxicology Kit containers.
If you are the detective attending the hospital for a victim of a serious crime there are 11 steps you should complete for the investigation. What are steps 5-9?
5 - Seize any discarded bandages used to cover gunshot wounds, and record the position on the victim where each bandage had been applied6 - Arrange firearms residue samples in cases where firearm use is suspected, including from the victim of any apparent suicide involving a firearm7 - Note and photograph any injuries8 - Arrange DNA swabs to be taken from the victim’s skin, where they would be relevant to the particular circumstances of the case.9 - Obtain details of any and all people who visit or contact the victim.
If you are the detective attending the hospital for a victim of a serious crime there are 11 steps you should complete for the investigation. What are steps 10 and 11?
10 - Conduct a scoping interviw with the victim using appropriate open questions to establish what happened and who was involved; where this would not adversly affect the medical welfare of the victim.If it is anticipated the victim may die, consider recording an immediate statement, whether the victim can sign or not.11 - Conduct a preliminary interview with ambulance and emergency staff who treated the victim to establish what happened.
The fundamental responsibility of police employees is to preserve life. If you discover a body you must never assume a person is dead if there is the slightest possibility the person is still alive, what should you do?
Administer first aid and request and ambulance
In what condition does a boy have to be for you to not administer first aid and request an ambulance?
Badly decomposed or a mutilated corpse.
When you discover a body there are 12 steps your should take, what are steps 1 - 6?
1 - Consider calling an ambulance and administering first aid, if appropriate. If the victim has to be moved for this purpose, note the original body position and record any previous movements.2 - Remain with the body until relieved by CIB or a supervisor.3 - Arrange a doctor to pronounce life extinct, unless death is obvious, i.e. decapitation or badly decomposed body.4 - Treat the ‘victim’ as a scene (do not move the body unnecessarily).5 - Instruct medical staff to leave clothes on the body6 - If medical treatment has been given then request that connecting tubes, needles, bandages, and other medical items are left ‘in situ’.
When you discover a body there are 12 steps your should take, What are steps 7 - 12
7 - If possible, conduct scoping interviews with medical staff who treated the victim and establish their actions, apparent cause of death and injury type/s.8 - Ascertain if the victim spoke to anyone before and record what was said.9 - Record body position, lividity, obvious injuries and clothing10 - Objectively record everything observed using all senses, including sight, sound, and smell. Include what is considered unimportant or non-evidential as after further investigation such information may become relevant.11 - Record all exhibits12 - Sketch a plan including the position of the body and position of exhibits.
When you are a scene guard and keeping a scene log what must you record in the log?
- Details, times and purposes of all people who enter, attempt to enter, or leave the crime scene- Any other activity around the crime scene that you think is relevant to the case.
Why is it important to keep an accurate log when guarding a scene?
- To ensure there is no unauthorised entry into the scene- To ensure the integrity of evidence or potential evidence is secured- To maximise intelligent oportunities- To manage contamination issues.
If you are going to brief someone who is going to be a scene guard what 10 duties must brief them on?
1 - Secure Scene2 - Record Details3 - Control movements4 - Record movements5 - Brief others6 - Avoid disturbance7 - Protect the scene8 - Brief replacement9 - Respect security10 - Demonstrate courtesy
If there is a witness at the scene the information they hold may be crucial. It is important to have an initial interview with the witness, keep in mind they will be interviewed further in a more substantial way. What should your initial questioning with the witness cover?
- What happened- Where exactly the incident happened- When it happened- Who was involved- What the witness did- Where the witness went- What the witness touched- Who touched the witness- Who else was present- Descriptions of who was present- What did those other people present say/do
Some witnesses may have been so proximate to events, that it is likely evidence was transferred to the witness, from the victim, suspect, or from the scene itself. What types of evidence must you be mindful about and obtaining if possible?
Transferable evidence such as,- Fibres- Body fluids- glass or other material
What should you consider doing to preserve and recover evidence from a forensically important witness?
- Immediate DNA swabs of an areas of the witness that the suspect may have touched- Immediate DNA swabs of any blood present on the witness- Immediate swabs of any other relevant stains present on the witness- Forensic medical examination, i.e. fingernail scrapings, hair combing etc.- Seizure of clothing and footwear- Seizure of any items of property touched by the suspect.
What are some important things to consider when you have a forensically important witness?
- Avoid any potential cross contamination issues by arranging for witnesses, victims, and suspects to be transported separately in different vehilces- Photographing witnesses at the scene enables future identification of witnesses; for example to assist CCTV enquires for O/C Witnesses’ to use at court hearings- Photograph any injuries suffered by witnesses.
There are 8 steps to assist with obtaining key material from witnesses, what are they?
1 - Obtain full details2 - Assemble people in a clear area, ensuring a police officer remains with them3 - If possible, isolate witnesses from one another to reduce the likely hood of contamination and/or collusion. 4 - Identify witnesses and conduct a brief scoping interview. Include descriptions of other people mentioned5 - Establish whether any people have left the area6 - If the witness has made telephone calls from the scene, establish the numbers such calls were made from and to, and who answered.7 - Record registration numbers of nearby vehicles to establish which drivers/passengers may have been in the area.8 - Seize any CCTV relevant to the vicinity/route to establish who may have been in the area at the relevant time.
While searching a crime scene you must be aware of intangible evidence.Which of the following could provide intangible evidence material?
1) CCTV camera2) Memory stick3) Facebook account.
DNA (blood sample) is known to deteriorate under which of the following conditions:1) When exposed to extremes of weather conditions.2) When packaging creates conditions that cause it to degrade.3) When handled without gloves or masks.4) When it has exited the body for up to two hours.
1) True2) True3) False4) False.
Evidence contamination may occur when:1) A crime scene lacks clear boundaries, pathways and security.2) Biological material is inadvertently added to an exhibit.3) An examiner wears the same gloves to uplift different exhibits.4) When the material collected cannot be linked to the investigation.
1) True2) True3) True4) False.
Select the forensic concept that best describes how the collection of forensic evidence may be affected when:1) Many people enter and leave the scene.2) The offender is taken back into the scene for interview.3) The movement of exhibits is not recorded.4) The crime scene is dowsed in continuous rainfall.
1) Contamination2) Transfer3) Evidential integrity4) Deterioration.
Evidential material, in relation to a particular offence, means evidence of the offence or any other item, tangible or intangible, of relevance to the investigation of the offence.A tangible item that could be evidential material is:
A locked iPhone.
In a forensic sense, what does persistence refer to?
The length of time biological material can be detected following a crime.
Can an impression be left by:1) A tool used as a lever2) A finger or palm print3) Drops of saliva or semen4) The sole of a shoe or boot.
1) Yes2) Yes3) No4) Yes.
A woman dances with a man, Male A, who is wearing a red jersey and she gets red fibres on her top. Late in the evening she dances with another man, Male B, and some of the red fibres are transferred to the shirt of that man.The scenario is an example of secondary transfer between:
The woman and Male B.
Entomology is the science of studying:
Insects.
The “Golden Hour” concept refers to the time when:
Evidential material is more readily available at a crime scene.
‘Contamination’ may occur when:1) Exhibits are not correctly packaged or secured.2) Forensic material is exposed to rain or sunshine.3) Equipment used has not been correctly cleaned.4) Forensic material is added to an exhibit post incident.
1) True2) False3) True4) True.
Mark the following statements about trace evidence true or false:1) Trace evidence may be of biological or physical nature.2) Trace evidence may only be seen by specialist forensic personnel.3) Trace evidence is usually found in fragments or small particles.4) Trace evidence cannot be seen by the human eye.
1) True2) False3) True4) False.
The first priority for staff arriving at the scene of a serious crime is:
The safety of attending Police Officers.
If you are a member of an initial action team at the scene of a suspicious death and a medical officer confirms the victim is deceased, then you must secure the scene and:
Do not touch or move the body under any circumstances.
Establishing a ‘common approach path’ into the scene of a serious crime for all visitors to the scene is the responsibility of the initial action party.
True.
The briefing and handover to the O/C Investigation by the OC of the initial incident must include information about:1) What needs to be done.2) What action has been taken3) What has occurred.4) What has not been done.
1) True2) True3) True4) True.
An immediate statement taken in circumstances where you believe the victim may die:
May be admissible if not signed.
The initial action scene party must not move any items in a serious crime scene unless it:
Will be affected by the weather and cannot be protected.
Initial action guidelines instruct that when setting the parameters at a serious crime scene you should:1) Cordon only the area where the incident occurred.2) Use emergency tape to establish the cordon parameters.3) Arrange and brief scene guards with clearly defined duties.4) Extend the parameters as widely as possible to capture any exhibits the suspect may have discarded.
1) False2) True3) True4) True.
The initial response team must prevent post-incident contamination between other witnesses, the victim(s) and suspect(s) by considering:1) Transporting the victim and suspect in different vehicles.2) Using different interview rooms for other witnesses, the victim and suspect once back at the station.3) Taking photos of the victims injuries as soon as possible.4) Taking physical evidence samples from witnesses at the scene.
1) True2) True3) False4) True.
The I car is first to the scene of a serious crash incident where 2 people in one care are injured and trapped. The constable first duty is to:
Ensure the crash scene is as safe as possible.
When a victim of a Victims Rights Act 2002, s29 offence is transported to hospital from a crime scene, an officer should accompany the victim to ensure their:
Clothing is collected and preserved for the exhibit collection.
The purpose of the preliminary interview with a witness at the scene of a serious crime is to:1) Obtain their identity particulars and contact details.2) Ascertain their legal reason to be at the scene.3) Ascertain who needs to be separated and kept apart.4) Gather information for your handover briefing.
1) True2) False3) False4) True.
Serious crime initial action procedures aim to prevent the primary transfer of forensic material between the victim and suspect through directing that:1) Victim and suspect are separated at the scene and kept apart.2) Victim and suspect are not to be transported in the same vehicle.3) Scene guards are appointed to take care of each separately.4) Formal interviews are conducted in separate rooms.
1) True2) True3) False4) True.
Your prompt initial actions at a serious crime scene has led to the apprehension of a male close by who is acting suspiciously. During a preliminary interview with him you should:
Make a notebook entry of his details and demeanour.
Enroute to the scene of a serious crime the initial action team must formulate a plan for scene entry that:1) Delegates responsibilities for action between them.2) Prioritises locating the suspect above all else.3) Avoids any known suspect path from the scene.4) Considers factors that may affect scene preservation.
1) True2) False3) True4) True.
The purposes of an initial reconnaissance by the first on the scene officers at a serious crime scene is to:
Survey the scene to establish the action required to secure.
It is important to consider the sequencing of examinations when submitting crime scene material for forensic analysis because DNA analysis can destroy the forensic evidence required for fingerprint examination.
True.
The basic rule for electronic equipment located at a crime scene is “if its off, leave it off. If its on, leave it on”.
True.
When a cellphone is located at a crime scene, turning it off or letting the battery run flat is advisable in the circumstances.
False.
During a scene examination you find a cell phone. You observe that it is turned on. What action should you take to uplift the phone?
Leave it switched on, uplift and contact ECL for advice.
When a window frame at a crime scene shows signs of tool marks to force entry it is important to:1) Take control samples of paint or wood from the surrounding area.2) Remove the entire damaged area (if practicable) for forensic examination.3) Photograph the impression or mark in full light prior to collecting evidence.4) Try fitting a probable tool into the mark to confirm it as the means of entry.
1) True2) True3) True4) False.
When packaging documents that are to be forwarded to the document examiner you should:1) Include warning ___________ on labels if the document is also required for fingerprinting.2) Unfold dry ___________ and package flat in a plastic sleeve or envelope.3) Enclose document package between __________ of card.4) Complete ___________ before attaching to the exhibits package.
1) Notes2) Papers3) Sheets4) Labels.
The minimum standards governing the collection of any item/exhibit that is likely to be submitted for DNA forensic analysis are:
- Handle one item of evidential material at a time- Gloves and masks should be worn.
To avoid loss or contamination, small quantities of powders or tablets found at a crime scene must be packaged in self sealing plastic bags inside a standard drugs envelope.
True.
The Digital Imaging Guidelines direct that any digital image that is to be produced as evidence must:1) Be secured in a master copy “read only” format.2) Be validated by image numbering and the taker.3) Have been downloaded to a police/secure computer.4) Have been taken by a person trained in photography.
1) True2) True3) True4) False.
An exhibit that is wet should be promptly packaged, sealed and labelled to avoid further deterioration.
False.
Because deleted images can very easily be recovered from digital cameras, the guidelines direct:
Digital cameras are assigned to a named position or employee.
Safety precautions are essential when uplifting blood or other bodily fluids at serious crime scenes and also to ensure the evidence contaminated with blood is safe for forensic examination and court.Accordingly you should:1) Discard used closed and clothing in a biohazard container.2) Package exhibits securely and label with biohazard warning.3) Package wet material holding blood or bodily fluids promptly.4) Cover any abrasions on hands and use double gloves.
1) True2) True3) False4) True.
An exhibit package that is to be forwarded for analysis:1) May hold several items of evidence from the scene.2) Must be sealed by the collector at the time of collection.3) Must be labelled to prevent contamination.4) Must be accompanied by a completed POL143.
1) False2) True3) False4) True.
A search is a part of most crime scene examinations. Adopting a search pattern assists to:
Examine the scene in a thorough and controlled manner.
Full protective clothing consists of overalls, gloves and foot coverings must be worn by anyone:1) Examining an exhibit found in the hot zone.2) Processing the exhibit collection in the warm zone.3) Entering the hot zone by way of the stepping plates.4) Transitioning from the warm zone to the hot zone.
1) True2) False3) True4) True.
Police procedures for managing the hot zone at a serious crime scene direct the O/C scene to:1) Place guards to monitor hot zone entry and exit.2) Brief examiners on the search strategy3) Display instructions about protective clothing.4) Establish a transition area for hot zone protection.
1) False2) True3) True4) True.
The exhibits officer is responsible for ensuring the evidential integrity of all exhibits through the receipt and control of exhibits and maintaining an exhibits register.Their responsibilities include:1) Checking the _________ is safely secured.2) Checking the __________ on each exhibit is complete.3) Checking an exhibit ____________ is sealed and signed.4) Maintaining a ___________ of exhibit movement.
1) Collection2) Label3) Package4) Log.
An exhibit schedule produced for the court contains records of:1) Photographs and video/DVD interview tapes.2) Only those exhibits collected at the crime scene/s.3) The identification number allocated to each exhibit.4) All the material gathered for forensic analysis.
1) True2) False3) True4) False.
A common approach path to and form the crime scene is established to:
Control access to the scene to prevent contamination.
The decontamination zone model is used at a scene of a major crime because:
The scene will contain both biological and physical evidence.
The warm zone is partly designed to provide an area for:
Collecting, recording and securing the exhibit collection.
The zone model provides a structured approach to the management of serious crime scene examinations.Zoning a scene helps to:1) Control ___________ to the crime scene.2) Establish set procedures for evidence __________.3) Maintain an appropriate _________ of safety.4) Avoid ____________ of the scene and exhibits.
1) Access2) Protection3) Standard4) Contamination.
What is the purpose of a reconnaissance by the O/C scene?1) The outcome of a reconnaissance by the O/C scene is a plan for __________.2) A reconnaissance is the preliminary ___________ of the crime scene.3) A reconnaissance encompasses a four step __________.4) A reconnaissance includes a deliberate and purposeful ___________ of the scene.
1) Action2) Survey3) Appreciation4) Assessment.
Which of the following actions take place at the scene headquarters in the cold zone?1) The scene search strategy is communicated.2) Scene examiners discard protective clothing.3) Logbook records are kept of all staff movements.4) Scene exhibits are packaged, sorted and stored.
1) True2) False3) True4) False.
Scene logs of people movements in a serious crime scene are essential for a serious or major crime investigation because they:1) Are an essential component of the ‘chain of evidence’.2) Are a component of safe systems for managing crime scenes.3) Show how secondary transfer occurs when exhibits are collected.4) Verify the use of elimination samples for the forensic examination.
1) True2) True3) False4) True.
To manage a serious crime scene the O/C scene will place scene guards on the perimeter of a serious crime scene and brief them to:1) Give a general response to public or media questions.2) Keep notebook records of all movements near the scene.3) Prevent all unauthorised access into the scene4) Be alert to circumstance that may cause contamination.
1) False2) True3) True4) True.
Cold zone:
In an area in the outer cordon. Where things like briefings, meals etc. take place.
Warm zone:
Transition zone where scene examiners change clothing and access equipment, OC exhibits receives and records exhibits.
Hot zone:
Exhibits collected and packaged for forensic analysis.
Contamination:
When material is added to an exhibit post incident.
Cross-contamination:
The exchange of traces of forensic material between offender, crime scene, victim and others.
Persistence:
The length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime.
Facebook account, CCTV camera and a USB stick are examples of what type of evidential material?
Intangible.
Image library in a cell phone and a locked iPhone are examples of what type of evidential material?
Tangible.
Impression can be left by:
- Sole of a shoe- a finger or palm print- tool used as a lever.
Elimination samples are taken from:
People who had legitimate contact with the scene or an exhibit.
Transfer occurs when…..
Victim and offender are not separated during initial action, same transporting vehicle for victim an offender, offender is present in scene prior to the incident.
What type of evidence are glass fragments?
Physical.
What type of evidence is blood?
Biological.
What type of evidence is semen?
Biological.
What type of evidence are paint flakes?
Physical.
DNA is known to deteriorate under what conditions?
Exposed to extreme weather conditions and when packaging creates conditions that cause it to degrade.
Chain of evidence is:
The official record of exhibit collection, security and movement.
Sequence of events prior to uplifting an exhibit:
- Record (sketch)- Notebook- Gloves to uplift- Seal etc.
Safety precautions when uplifting things such as blood:
- Double glove and discard after use- Package securely with biohazard warning.
When packaging an exhibit in windowed paper, you must…..
Fold over the top of the bag 2-3 times and seal with tape.
A package to be forwarded for analysis should….
Be sealed by the collector at the time of collection and be accompanied by a POL143.
Because deleted images can be easily removed from digital cameras, guidelines state:
Digital cameras are assigned to a named position employee.
An exhibit that is wet should be promptly packages etc to avoid further deterioration:
False.
Describe:- cold zone- warm zone- hot zone
- In an area in the outer cordon. Where things like briefings, meals etc. take place- Transition zone where scene examiners change clothing and access equipment, OC exhibits receives and records exhibits- Exhibits collected and packaged for forensic analysis
Define:- contamination- cross contamination- persistence
- When material is added to an exhibit post incident- The exchange of traces of forensic material between offender, crime scene, victim and others.- The length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
What kind of transfer?A woman dances with a man, male A, who is wearing a red jersey and gets red wool fibres on her top…Later in the evening she dances with another man, male B, and some of the red fibres are transferred from the woman’s top to the shirt of that man…
- primary transfer- secondary transfer
List the four stages of an appreciation.
- Aim- Factors- Courses open- Plan
Which pieces of protective equipment are the priority?
Mask and gloves
What is the definition of admissible (in relation to evidence)?
Means that evidence is allowable and can be accepted by the court
What is the definition of biological material?
Biological material provides a link directly to a person
What are the four categories of biological material?
- Body fluids; blood, semen, saliva- Trace biological; epithelial cells (skin cells)- Hairs; hair shaft, hair with root- Toxicology; drugs in blood, urine, hair
List seven different types of bloodstain patterns and explain what they can show investigators
- Cast-off; thrown from the implement onto a surface during movement- Pooled blood; shows how a person had been lying in one position for a period of time- Dripped bloodstains; indicates direction and movement- Spattered bloodstains; indicates impact or blows- Arterial spurting; indicates injury type- Backspatter; from a firearm wound- Latent blood stains; not evident to the naked eye and require luminal testing
What is the definition of chain of evidence?
Is the record of all people who have had custody of an exhibit since it was first discovered, to its presentation in court and its security in Police records
What is the definition of a control sample?
Control samples are samples of known origin that can be compared with materials found on items being examined, also known as reference samples
What is the definition of intangible?
Unable to be touched, not having physical presence
What is the definition of order of examination?
Applies to any exhibit where multiple evidence types are present. It means the preferred sequence of examination or analysis undertaken on a document exhibit. The order is determined by the investigative need
EA2007, S7 states “It is a fundamental…?”
“It is a fundamental principle that relevant evidence is admissible”
What is the definition of tangible?
Perceptible by touch, clear and definite, real
What is the definition of toxicology?
The analysis of body samples for alcohol, illicit drugs or poisons. It includes the detection of drugs in blood, urine, hair and fingernails
What is the hot zone?
The part of a scene requiring examination and evidence protection. It is closely controlled by the OC scene. Exhibits are collected and packaged for forensic analysis in the hot zone
What is the warm zone?
The warm zone is a transition zone where;- Scene examiners put on / take off protective clothing- Scene examiners access equipment- The OC exhibits receives and records exhibits
What is the cold zone?
An area in the outer cordon of the scene. It is a place where the OC scene manages the scene examination and the staff involved. eg, briefing and debriefing, meals, maintaining scene records
What is the definition of trace evidence?
Microscopic or minute samples of evidence. May contain biological or physical evidence and may or may not be visible to the human eye
EA2006 states “Evidence is relevant if it has…?”
Evidence is relevant if it has a tendency to prove or disprove anything that is of consequence to the determination of the proceeding
What things should the initial action party consider en-route to the scene?
- All accurate information has been received by Comms for making future decisions, plan an approach to minimise risk ands maximise safety. Discuss with your partner your responsibilities and roles. Plan your approach
What things should the initial action party consider upon arriving at the scene?
- Park in a safe area- Note any vehicle attempting to leave the scene and time of arrival- Approach the scene and locate the informant / complainant- Record a common approach path for scene staff. Avoid any path known to be used by the suspect
What does VAWSEIPO mean?
Victim, appreciation, witnesses, scene, exhibits, ingredients, powers, offender
What is the definition of a crime scene log?
A crime scene log records the details, time and purpose of all persons who enter, attempt to enter, or leave the crime scenes which the scene guard perceives to be relevant. After initial procedures are complete, no person must enter without specific prior authority from the OC investigation
The purpose of a crime scene log is to ensure?
- No unauthorised entry- Integrity of evidence is secured- Intel opportunities maximised- Contamination issues minimised
What is gas chromatography?
G chromatography is often used in this type of analysis (accelerants and volatile substances). It is an analytical method which separates mixtures and indicates relative quantity of each component on the basis of the components volatility, solubility and absorption
What is anthropology?
The science of anthropology and human osteology. An anthropologist can assist in the identification of a person who is decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognisable
Is the purpose of a preliminary interview at a crime scene to gather information for a handover briefing and to obtain identity particulars of persons present?
Yes
Is the purpose of a preliminary interview at a crime scene to ascertain who needs to be separated and find out their legal reason to be there?
No
What is the sequence of action undertaken prior to uplifting an exhibit from a serious crime scene?
- Record (Photograph)2. Make a notebook entry and consider its significance3. Uplift and package4. Seal, label and secure
What is entomology the study of?
Insects
What is the definition of contamination?
Contamination occurs when material is added town exhibit post-incident
What is the definition of persistence?
Refers to the length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
What is the definition of significance?
Means the evidential value of the material sample for the evidence collection
What is the first priority of initial attending officers?
Ensuring the scene is safe for oncoming staff
Upon arriving at the scene of a serious crime, what must you do if you locate an injured victim?
Give first aid and seek medical help. If the victim is likely to die, obtain a formal written statement. Note and record the victims position when moved
What must you do if the victim of a serious crime needs to be taken to hospital?
Accompany them and seize their clothing. Obtain the names of all doctors and medical personnel who deal with the victim and seize all bandages, tubes and hoses removed from the victim following treatment and record where they came from
What five steps should you consider when you arrive at the scene of a serious crime and locate a victim who shows no signs of like?
- Check for signs of life, but do not move the body- Record observations, position of body or exhibits in the area- Note the condition of the victims clothing- Make a sketch of the room- Give the OC Investigation an update
What are ten things that make up part of scene guard duty?
- Prevent unauthorised entry2. Maintain a register of everyone authorised to enter and record their name, designation, authority to enter, purpose of visit and time in and out of the cordon3. Advise of the ‘common approach path’4. Record all movement and vehicle details to, from and near the scene5. Promptly communicate information to the OC6. Not to personally contaminate the scene7. Be vigilant of animals8. Remain until relieved9. Brief oncoming scene guard10. Do not discuss with witnesses or bystanders
At a traffic incident, in relation to safety, what are the responsibilities of Police and the Fire Service?
- Police manage scene protection- Fire Service manage crash vehicles and hazardous substances
At a traffic incident, in relation to life preservation, what are the responsibilities of the Police and Ambulance?
- Police to protect against criminal acts- Ambulance to render medical assistance
What considerations should be made in regard to traffic control measures?
- The need to balance competing demands of the investigation with the need to keep the road open- Close the road only if absolutely necessary- If on a highway, the RCA must be contacted immediately- If you do close a road, try do so in a way that minimises the closure- Replace volunteers as soon as possible
What traffic control measures must be utilised when working on a carriageway?
Road control authority
What traffic control measures must be utilised when working within 2-5 meters of the carriageway?
Warning signs
What traffic control measures must be utilised when working within 2 meters of a carriageway that has a speed limit less than 60kph?
Warning signs
What traffic control measures must be utilised when working within 2 meters of a carriageway that has a speed limit more than 60kph?
Road control authority
What is common authorship examination?
An examination to determine one or more author has completed a document
What is the definition of counterfeit?
Documents that are complete fabrications
What is the definition of a false document / forgery?
Genuine documents that have been altered
How should powders or tablets be recovered and packaged at a scene?
Packed in self sealing plastic bags inside a standard drugs envelope. Pack powders that may cause cross-contamination is nylon bags and swan neck tie
How should syringes and glass pipes be recovered and packaged at a scene?
Pack in rigid containers
How should plant material be recovered and packaged?
Dry material before packaging into drug envelopes or paper sacks
How should cannabis plantations be recovered and packaged?
Photograph, count, measure the shortest, tallest and average heights and take samples
Recovery of samples
Liquids- clean swabDried- scraped or swabbed Items- seized to lab. Not plastic or staples and seal immediately
DNA sources
Blood- minute neededFaeces- unlikely unless blood in itHair- good with rootNasal secretions- can be goodSalvia-good, most likely from cigarette ends, gags, envelopes, balaclava Semen- rich in DNASkin- good if deep scratch to draw blood Swear- no cellular materialUrine-unlikely Vaginal fluid- suitable
Recovery methods
Tape- record, use tweezers, two cuts only if bound, secure sticky side up in box with pin Bottle/can- secure with ties in box. Swan if not takingClothing- brown paper bag, seal with tape. Dry wet clothes a on paper sheetBlood - pipette in to plastic container or dry swab. If dry, take item, cut around or tape lift. Discard 1st meter. Seal between two pieces then envelope Gum/cigarette - tweezer to container Hair- keep clumps. Place on edge of tape
Document exams
Before fingerprintingTechniques:- physical- indentations, physical matching - exam of printing processes and equipment - detection of alterations, erasures, counterfeits and forgeries - ink comparisons- handwriting and signatures
Questioned document
Any document where the authenticity of all or part of the document is in dispute Or Where the source is unknown Or Which may have marks of evidential value
Specimen/comparison doc
Any material obtained from a proven source and used for comparison with a questioned doc
Latent indentations
Handwriting transfers to page physically beneath To be done before fingerprints. ESDA- electrostatic detection apparatus
Level of evidence - identification opinion
An opinion of identification is generally expressed with the wording:The author of the specimen material completed (or didn’t) the questioned material
Level of evidence - qualified authorship opinion
There are indications the author of the specimen material completed (or did not) the questioned material
Conclusion accompanied by annex - for writing comparisons
Explains purpose of comparison Outlines levels of opinion and reasoning Provides info on validation and proficiency testing
Sending docs for exam
Brief reportDescriptions of each Package questioned doc Unfold if necessarySeal airtight if wet, don’t dry Put in sleeves and cardboard between Label before putting doc in
Plant/ mushroom at scene
Dry before envelopes Count plantsMeasure shortest, tallest and average 10 plants- leaf sample11-20 - sample of 10100+ - 50 leaf (at least 28g)
Computers at crime scene
Isolate from phone lines Determine if on or off and leave as is Photo if on Pull cord out of back first or battery out if laptop Collect removable storage and docs Look for written passwords/usernames etc
Fingerprints
Generic term used to describe the ridged skin in the undersides of the palms, fingers and feet or impression left by themLeft due to sweat pores when fridges contact surface. Known as latent print
Who and when can get FP
S32 - when in lawful custody and detained for committing offence and at police stationS33 - can detain for FP if going to summons S34 - destruct FP if charges dropped or acquitted
FP forms
Elimination prints pol378Voluntary prints pol545
Reconnaissance
Prelim inspection or survey made to get an overall picture of scene without disturbing evidence Allows for:Prelim reconstruction Appreciation Plan of action
Reconstruction
A theory about what took place in a given area over a relevant period of time and how it is likely to have happened. Formed by logically piecing together all info gained from exam and enquiry
Searching scenes
GridLaneSpiral - start central Zone
Decontamination zones
Hot - part requiring exam and evidence collection Warm - transition zone to enable examiners to put on and take off protective clothing, access equipment , process exhibits etcCold - within outer cordon for meetings, meals, scene guards etc Log movements between zones
Admissible
Allowable evidence accepted by the court. Exhibit must have relevance and just be able to demonstrate reliability through integrity of chain of evidence
Blood stain pattern analysis
Pool - lying in position for extended period Dripped - direction and movement Spattered - impact or blows Arterial spurting - injury type Back spatter - firearm wound
Contamination
When material is added to exhibit post incident
Cross contamination
Occurs through the exchange of traces of forensic material between offender, scene, victim and other people. Example- same vehicle transport
Entomological samples
Insect samples collected from scene that can assist objective evidence such as estimated time of death
Latent samples
Hidden or concealed I.e not present to human eye but revealed with powder, chemicals or lighting
Integrity of evidence protected through
Controlling access and documenting Exams done by trained or qualified Chain of evidence secureTested when presented in court
Order of exam
Preferred sequence of exam or analysis
Persistence
Length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
Primary transfer
Direct transfer of forensic material from one party to another. Generally requires contact.
Secondary transfer
Indirect transfer of evidence to third partyIe Male a fibre on to women. Women to Male b. No contact between a and b
Significance
Evidential value of material sample for the evidence collection. Important in decision making about what samples for analysis
Trace evidence
Microscopic or minute samples of evidence
VAWSEIPO:
Victims - identify and locateAppreciation - assess risk, preserve lifeWitnesses - locate and containScene - preserveExhibits - note and preserve if neccessary Ingredients - consider in regards to offencePowers - identify what are availableOffender - identify and apprehend
4 things to do at scene
FreezeControlGuardPreserve
4 steps of appreciation
Aim - clear accurate and consider statement that demonstrates a single objectiveFactors - any circumstance or fact that could have an effect on the manner you will achieve your desired outcomeCourses open - list of possible ways the aim can be achievedPlan - proposed course of action to achieve the desired outcome
If the victim is alive but injured
Call ambulance and consider resuscitation and note original body position and movements
If the victim is taken to hospital, do the following: 11 steps
Obtain a medical opinion on victimSeize the victims clothingEstablish victims identityObtain a pre-transfusion blood sampleSeize any discarded bandages and record position where they came fromArrange firearms residue samples where firearm is suspected Note and photo any injuriesArrange DNA swabs to be taken from the victims skin if appropriate Obtain details of any and all people who visit or contact victimConduct a scoping interview with the victim if appropriate Conduct preliminary interview with ambulance/emergency staff
If a victim shows no sign of life
Preserve life. If they have to be moved, record it.Remain with the body until relievedArrange a doctor to pronounce life extinctTreat the victim as a sceneInstruct medical stuff to leave clothes on the bodyIf medical treatment has been given leave anything in situIf possible conduct scoping interviews with medical staffAscertain whether the victim spoke to anyone before deathRecord body position and anything of noteObjectively record anything observed using all sensesRecord all exhibitsSketch a plan including the position of the body
Admissible evidence
Evidence is allowable and can be accepted by the court. Investigators must:-Establish relevance of evidence-Demonstrate reliability of evidence, through the integrity of the chain of evidence process
Four categories of biological material
Body fluids Trace Biological Hairs Toxicology
What category of biological material is this (There are four)?Blood, semen, saliva
Body fluids
What category of biological material is this (There are four)?epithelial calls (e.g. skin or mouth cells) transferred through contact
Trace biological
What category of biological material is this (There are four)?hair shaft
Hair
What category of biological material is this (There are four)?Drugs in blood, urine
Toxicology
Name 7 types of blood stains
Pooled blood Dripped blood stains Spattered blood stains Arterial spurting Back spatter Latent blood stains Cast off blood stains
Describe each bloodstain pattern 1. Pooled 2. Dripped 3. Spattered 4. Arterial spurting 5. Back spatter 6. Latent blood stains 7. Cast off blood stains
- Person lying in one position for a period of time 2. Indicate direction and movement of victim or assailant 3. Indicate impact or blows: may not be visible to the naked eye 4. indicates injury type 5. From a firearm wound6. Not evident to naked eye7. From the implement or weapon
Yes/ No Q. Can blood stain pattern analysis be completed retrospectively from photographs?
A. No
Chain of evidence
A record of all the people who have had custody of an exhibit since it was first discovered.
Contamination
Occurs when material is added to an exhibit post incident E.g human or animal enters the scene
Control Sample Also known as reference sample
Samples of known origin that can be compared with materials found on items being examined. e.g. a DNA sample from a known person can be compared with an unknown sample from the scene to assist with ID
Cross Contamination
exchange of traces of forensic material between the offender, the crime scene, the victim and other people. e.g. when an officer who has dealt with the victim subsequently interviews the suspect
Degrade
Overtime, all biological material will degrade naturally. E.g. A body decomposes after several weeks in a shallow grave
Deteriorate
Forensic evidence will deteriorate under certain conditions. E.g A bloodstain sample collected from the dashboard of an abandoned car has deteriorated by being exposed to direct sunlight over several days e.g. an exhibit growing mould in a plastic bag
Transfer
In a forensic context, transfer means the exchange of material traces between the offender, the crime scene and the victim that can occur during and post incident
Entomological samples
Entomology is the science of studying insects. e.g. When insect samples are collected from a body they can assist with estimations of time since death e.g. When insect samples are collected from a cannabis plant, or from a package of organic material, they can assist with identifying the region of origin of the material
Forensic material
May be of a biological or physical nature.
golden hour
Term for the period immediately following the commission on an offence when material is abundant and readily available to the police.
Impressions
An impression is evidence of a biological or physical nature that is left at a crime scene.Example impressions may be left by: - footwear impressions in soil, in a garden or under a window - a car tyre on soft mud- a finger print on a counter, a fabric impression on a car bumper- a tool mark at a place of forced entry
What needs to be done before you make an attempt to lift an impression?
Photograph it in situ
Define intangible and give an example
unable to be touched, not having physical presence Example: an email
By doing the following, what are you protecting?- access to crime scene is controlled and documented - forensic examination is conducted by personnel with an acceptable level of the scientific method and who are suitably trained or qualified - the ‘chain of evidence’ is secure
Integrity of evidence. (The ultimate test of of the integrity of forensic evidence is when it is presented in court )
Latent samples
Means hidden or concealed. It is used to describe fingerprints or footprints that are present but not visible to the human eye until they are revealed through the use of powders or chemicals or special lighting
Persistence
Length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
Wiping crime scene blood away / washing the surface will affect the _________
persistence
Physical fit
fitting two or more objects to see if they were originally part of the same item
Primary transfer
Direct transfer of forensic material from one party to another.
What kind of transfer is this?Fibres from a victim’s woollen jersey are transferred to the offenders jacket during a physical struggle
Primary transfer
Secondary transfer
Indirect transfer of evidence to a third party
What kind of transfer is this? woman dances with male A, who is wearing a red wool jersey
Primary transfer
What kind of transfer is this? woman dances with male A, who is wearing a red wool jersey. She gets red wool fibres on her top.She then dances with male B. Some of red fibres are transferred from her top to male B’s shirt
Secondary transfer
Does the relevance of forensic evidence reply upon what people said or observed?
No
Toxicology
Analysis of body samples for alcohol, illicit drugs or poisons. It includes the detection of drugs in urine, blood, hair and fingernails
Trace evidence
Microscopic or minute samples of evidence
Three zones of a crime scene
Hot Warm Cold Zoning a crime scene helps to avoid contamination of the scene and the evidence it holds.
Describe the Cold Zone
Outer cordon of the scenePlace where OC scene manages the scene and the staff involved, e.g. briefings, meals, maintaining scene records
Describe the Warm Zone
Transition area - Scene examiners put on and take off protective clothing - Scene examiners access equipment - the O/C exhibits receives and records exhibits
Describe the Hot Zone
The scene requiring examination and evidence protection. Closely controlled by OC scene Exhibits are collected and packaged for forensic analysis in the hot zone
Where would you package forensic evidence collected at the scene?WARM ZONE HOT ZONE IN THE EXHIBIT ROOMCOLD ZONE AT ESR
Hot zone
At a serious crime scene- What four things will the OC investigation expect in a briefing from the officer in initial charge of the incident?
- What has occurred - What action has been take?- What has not been done?- What needs to be done?
True or falsePolice have an authority to close a high way in a non emergency situation
False
Traffic: When is a road or lane deemed to be closed?
If normal travel at the normal speed for the area and scene is disrupted
Traffic True or false: Having a detour in place means the road is open
False
What does a vehicle with an “H” presented on the front of the vehicle?
Heavy motor vehicles classified as “High Productivity”
Can “High Productivity” vehicles be detoured from their approved route?Yes / No / Depends
Depends- Generally:No. They must remain parked until the route specified in the permit is clear HOWEVER may use an alternative detour route if they are able to reduce the vehicle / combination back to standard dimension, or standard mass (or both standard dimension and standard mass).
After a closure, who is responsible for re opening the road?
The agency that closes the road (Unless responsibility is transferred to another agency)
The initial action scene party must not move any items in a serious crime scene unless it
will be affected by the weather and cannot be protected
The first priority for staff arriving at the scene of a serious crime is
the safety of attending police officerS
Initial action guidelines instruct that when setting the parameters at the serious crime scene you should• arrange and brief scene guards with clearly defined duties • extend the parameters as widely as possible to capture any exhibits the suspect may have discarded• cordon only the area where the incident occurred • use emergency tape to establish the cordon parameters
TRUETRUEFALSE TRUE
An immediate statement taken in circumstances when you believe the victim may die
may be admissible if is not signed
If you are a member of an initial action team at the scene of a suspicious death and a medical officer confirms the victim is deceased, then you must secure the scene and
do not touch or move the body under any circumstances
The initial response team must prevent post incident cross contamination between other witnesses, the victims and suspects by consideringtransporting the victim and suspect in different vehicles • taking photos of the victim injuries asap • using different interview rooms for other witnesses, the victim and the suspect once back at the station• taking physical evidence samples from witnesses at the scene
TRUE FALSE TRUETRUE
The briefing and hand over to the O/C investigation by the OC of the initial incident must include information about
• what has occurred • what has not been done • what action has been taken • what needs to be done
Who is reponsible for for establishing a common approach path into the scene of a serious crime?
initial aciton party
what is the purpose of the initial reconnaissance?
survey the scene to establish the action required to secure
The purpose of the preliminary interview with a witness at the scene of a serious crime is toTRUE/FALSE• ascertain their legal reason to be at the scene • obtain their identity particulars and contact details• ascertain who needs to be separated and kept apart • gather info for your handover briefing
false truye falsetrue
: When a victim of a Victims Right Act 2002, Section 29 offence is transported to hospital from a crime scene, an officer should accompany the victim to ensure their
clothing is collected and preserved for the exhibit collection
The O/C initial action party could decide to immediately uplift an item from the scene of a serious crime when the ite
cannot be protected from the elements and will deteriorate
Your prompt initial action at a serious crime scene has led to the apprehension of a male closely Who is acting suspicious. During a preliminary interview with him You should
make a notebook entry of his details and his demeanour
What is a reconstruction
A theory about what took place in a given area over a relevant period of time and how it is likely to have happened
The definition of a crime scene is any place an offender may have been in relation to a crime. In this definition scene and place cover many interpretations.Indicate which of the following examples may fit the definition of a crime scene and so be subject to forensic scrutiny?• a shopkeeper who is the victim of a serious assault • a vehicle that has been used as a getaway car• a suspect located soon after the incident • a police interview record of a suspect’s confession
yesyesyesno
The O/C scene must minimise risk of contamination of the material collection by ensuring persons working in a serious crime scene• use gloves to remove and package any exhibit • work with haste to package and remove exhibits • are directly briefed about the zonal requirements • package exhibits in clean and dry containers
TRUEFasletruetrue
A common approach path to and from the crime scene is established to:
control access to the scene to prevent contamination
The zone model provides a structured approach to the management of serious crime scene examinations Zoning a scene helps to:- maintain an appropriate____ of safety - establish set procedures of evidence____ - control____ to the crime scene - avoid ____ of the scene and exhibits
(standard)(protection)(access)(contamination)
The O/C initial action party is responsible for effectively briefing and conducting handover to an O/C scene on their arrival at a serious crime scene. What information is essential to the integrity of the crime scene examination?
details of any post incident movement in the crime scene
The “warm” zone is partly designed to provide an area for
collecting recording and securing the exhibit collection
A careful search is conducted as part of most crime serious scene examinations- when a pattern of same size squares overlays the scene and each square is examined - when the scene is divided by evenly spaced parallel lines and the examiners move in one direction - when the scene is divided into completely separate areas - when the search begins from the centre and moves through concentric circles to the perimeter
gridlanezonespiral
A plan or strategy for scene examination at the location of a serious crime is the responsibility of the O/C scene When communicating a scene examination strategy the O/C scene must instruct- the search ____ for the scene examination - how scene____ is to be managed - when and where scene___ will occur- how the ____ examination will be conducted
patternsecuritybriefingsforensic
Following handover from O/C initial action party, the O/C scene examination will carry out a scene reconnaissance What is the purpose of a reconnaissance by the O/C scene?- a reconnaissance includes a deliberate and purposeful ____ of the scene - the outcome of the reconnaissance by the O/C scene is a plan for ____ - a reconnaissance encompasses a four step ______ - a reconnaissance is the preliminary _____ of the crime scene actionsurveyappreciationassessment
assessmentactionappreciationsurvey
Impressions may be left by:
- item striking surface - tool mark - teeth or fingernail marks - sole of shoe - finger or palm prints
Chain of Evidence is the official record of exhibit collection, security and movementTRUE FALSE
TRUE
Split into Biological Material and PHYSICAL MATERIAL: - footwear impressions- hair - glass fragments- blood - documents- semen - saliva-paint flakes - firearm residue - clothing fibres
Physical Material is: - paint flakes - glass fragments - firearm residue - documents - clothing fibres - footwear impressionsBiological Material is: - hair - blood - semen - saliva
Contamination occurs when: - biological material is added to exhibit - you wear the same gloves - lack of boundaries
true
What is persistence?
Persistence refers to the length of time forensic material is able to be detected following a crime
MATCH THESEContamination = Deterioration = Transfer = Evidential Integrity = -people entering and leaving-exhibit movement not recorded-rain-offender returning
Contamination = people entering and leaving Deterioration = rain Transfer = offender returning Evidential Integrity = exhibit movement not recorded
How do you collect a dry sample of DNA from a crime scene
Dried stains can be scraped or swabbed
Evidence is relevant even if it doesn’t prove anything
true
TRANSFER OR CONTAMINATION-only one vehicle used- exhibits not packaged correctly - offender present prior to incident- equipment not cleaned - forensic material added to exhibit post incident - not separated at initial action
Contamination: - exhibits not packaged correctly - equipment not cleaned - forensic material added to exhibit post incidentTransfer: - only one vehicle used - not separated at initial action - offender present prior to incident
Material collected at a crime scene is contaminated when: - equipment not cleaned - searcher leaves trace - people or animals enter - exhibits repeatedly handled
TRUE
Trace evidence can be seen by human eye, biological or physical and usually in fragments or small particles
TRUE
WHAT IS THE GOLDEN HOUR
When evidential material is more readily available at the scene
Elimination samples are taken from those who come into legitimate contact with evidence
TRUE
You are seconded to a team working on reducing motor vehicle crime in your area and you need to find out more general information about vehicle mubering and iID systems VINA VIN is a 17 character _____ of digits and letters
series
Trademe and NZ Police have letter of agreement. What is the Police role
Police will provide a sample of the format or template of documentation required by Trademe to SUPPORT a complaint
If you find a laptop what must you do with the key board or mouse to maintain forensic evidence?
Do not touch the keyboard or mouse buttons
Hair rarely provides definitive _______
Evidence
How should you package unknown powders or tablets for evidential purposes?
pack in self sealing plastic bags (to avoid loss or contamination) inside a standard drugs envelope
The NZ Police and Bankers Assn have letter of agreement which outlines the protocol regarding the release of CCTV images.What does schedule 3, section 3.4 state
the Police acknowledge that the IMAGES are provided in confidence
What does the chain of evidence refer to?
the official record of exhibit collection, security and movement
Evidential material, in relation to a particular offence means evidence of the offence or any other items, tangible or intangible, of relevance to the investigation of the offence.A tangible item that could be evidential material is
A locked iphone
Can an impression be left by:Yes/No• drops of saliva or semen • a tool used as a lever • the sole of shoe or boot • finger or palm print
NoYESYESYES
In a forensic sense, what does persistence refers to?
the length of time biological material can be detected following a crime
Classify the following common type of evidence• class fragment • blood • semen • paint flakes
PHYSICAL BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALPHYSICAL
Select the forensic concept that beat describes how the collection of forensic evidence may be affected when:• the movement of exhibits is not recorded • the crime scene is dowsed in continuous rainfall • offender is taken back into the scene for interview • many people enter and leave the scene
evidential integritydeteriorationtransfercontamination
DNA is known to deteriorate under which of the following conditions:TRUE/FALSE• when handled without gloves or masks • when packaging creates conditions that cause it to degrade • when it has exited the body for up to two hours • when exposed to extremes if weather conditions
FALSETRUEFALSETRUE
Evidence contamination may occur when:TRUE/FASLE?• a crime scene lacks clear boundaries, pathways and security• an examiner wears the same gloves to uplift different exhibits • when the material collected cannot be linked to the investigation • biological material is inadvertently added to an exhibit
TRUETRUEFALSETRUE
Elimination samples refers to samples (eg, hair, fingerprint and shoeprint) taken from people who are not investigation for the offence but may have come into contact with the crime scene evidence
TRUE
Contamination may occur when:• equipment used has not been cleaned • exhibits are not correctly packaged or secured • forensic material us added to an exhibit post incident • forensic material us exposed to rain or sunshine
truetrue truefalse
Material collected at a crime scene can be contaminated when:• scene equipment is not cleaned before use • people or animals have entered the scene • a scene searcher leaves traces on an exhibit • exhibits are repeatedly handled before packaging
TRUETRUETRUETRUE
The relevance of forensic evidence is reliant upon what people say or do
FASLSE
A woman dances with a man, male A who is wearing a red jersey and she gets red fibres on her top. Late in the evening she dances with another man male B and some of the red fibres are transferred to the shirt of that man.The scenario is an example of secondary transfer between:
the woman and male B
Elimination are samples
taken from people who had legitimate contact with the scene or an exhibi
Mark the following about trace evidence true or false• may only be seen by specialist forensic personnel • cannot been seen by the human eye • is usually found in fragments or small particles • may be of a biological or physical nature
FALSE FALSETRYETRUE
When packaging documents that are to be forwarded to the Document Examiner you should• Complete ____ before attaching to the exhibits package. • Include warning ____ on labels if the document is also required fir fingerprinting. • Unfold dry ____ and package flat in plastic sleeve or envelope. • Enclose document package between ___ of card.
labelsnotespaperssheets
It is important to call a fingerprint officer to a homicide scene because latent fingerprints in blood and other contaminants on a body can be destroyed when a body is moved.
true
During a scene examination you find a cell phone. You observe that it is turned on. What action should you take to uplift the phone
leave it switched on, uplift and contact ECL for advice
The minimum standards governing the collection of any item/exhibit that is likely to be submitted for DNA forensic analysis are?
• gloves and masks should be worn• handle one item of evidential material at a time
When a window frame at a crime scene shows signs of tool marks to force entry it is important• photograph the impression or mark in full light prior to collecting evidence • try fitting probable tool into the mark to confirm it as the means of entry • take control samples of paint or wood from the surrounding area• remove the entire damaged area for forensic examination
truefalsetruetrue
During a crime scene examination you find a small amount of a dry substance in a jar. To determine if it is to be collected for analysis you can
examine it with gloved hands
The digital imaging guidelines direct that any digital image that is to be produced as evidence must:• be validated by image numbering and the taker• be secured in a master copy “read only” format • have been taken by a person trained in photography• have been downloaded to a police/secure computer
truetruefalsetrue
A sequence of actions is undertaken prior to uplifting any exhibit from the scene of a serious crime Identify the correct sequence for the action• seal, label and secure the exhibit • use disposable gloves and appropriate equipment to uplift and package the exhibit • make a notebook record of the exhibit significance and consider the type of forensic evidence that may be present on it • record ( sketch, diagram, photograph) the exhibit in situ
fourththirdsecond first
Immediate actionWhat should be done On arrival?
Arrival• Park in safe place• Note time, weather etc• Consider safety and approach to scene• Locate informant - ask to point out where crime occurred and to id victim and suspect and their whereabouts• Record and mark out clear path into scene. Avoid path taking by offender• Take care not to contaminate or destroy evidence
What is the first priority? Victim: when injured
Victim• When injured:• first aid, ambos, record injury, if likely to die try to obtain statement - may be admissible (S.18 Evidence Act)• Note or record position before moved/• If hospitalised, accompany, obtain and preserve clothing, get names of dr’s and ambo personnel. Give sitrep to O/C investigation.
What is the first priority? Victim :When showing no signs of life?
• When showing no signs of life:• Check for signs and render assistance if alive• Don’t move body unless alive and necessary• If moved, don’t return to original position• Stand still, record what you can see - position of body and exhibits• Note cond. of clothing - wet, bloody, disarranged?• Sketch plan of room or sight - note position of all you can see
What should be done with witnesses?
Witnesses - separate, contain, interview
Describe steps to establishing order at a scene:
Control• Remove all people from scene• Ensure they don’t disturb, take anything, contaminate• Assemble in clear area and stay with them• Warn not to talk to each other• Obtain full particulars - prelim interviews• Unless arrested, can’t force them to cooperate.
When dealing with a suspect what should you do?
Dealing with suspect• Ensure does not leave scene• Don’t arrest unless absolutely necessary and even then only if you have GC to suspect• Separate from witness and other suspect• Note appearance, conduct, demeanour• Conduct prelim search and prevent disposal of evidence
What should CIB staff be briefed on? O/C scene? Do police have a right to photograph lawful prisoners? What if they refuse?
• Situation• What has been, is being and needs to be done• All MOP who initially attend need to record their observations
What should O/C scene be briefed on?
O/C scene when arriving on scene:• Thorough briefing from police in attendance• Ensure scene cleared and witnesses contained.• Victim and suspect taken separately from scene to station• Check scene boundaries and adjust• Brief all police on their duties• Est. log for those entering and a common path route into scene• Make preliminary recon to see what urgent action may be required to preserve evidence/exhibits• Consider hot, cold, warm zone method
Do police have a right to photograph lawful prisoners? What if they refuse?
Prisoner photographs• Those in lawful custody may be photographed by police (at police station or other place used for police purposes)• Refusal is an offence - imprisonment not exceeding 6 months, fine not exceeding $5000 or both.
When should/must a police photographer be used?
• If there has been a fatality or if prosecution is likely or a major enquiry is likely.• The exhibits themselves cannot be presented in Court
How should an accelerant be collected and packaged?
Accelerants• Recover pools of suspicious liquids by drawing up the sample using a sterile adequately sized syringe and then decant into an accelerant container• Smaller amounts swab with cotton wool• seal in nylon bags or clean dry, airtight glass jars/metal containers
How should a bite be treated?
Bites• No not touch a bite mark• Swab area with the wet and dry swabbing technique• If on skin trace using clear acetate sheet and permanent marker pen. obtain cast if skin is broken. Swab for saliva.• If on food, preserve food by wrapping in tissue moistened with a formalin solution. Send to dental specialist.
How should hair be treated?How should exhibits obtained from crime scene be managed/ seized/ packaged? Should evidence containing blood/biological material be sealed immediately if wet? What is a POL143?How should control samples be stored and transported?What are four categories of biological material?What are the different types of blood staining?What is the chain of evidence?What is contamination and how does it occur? What is cross-contamination?Define DegradeDefineDeteriorateWhat is a crime scene? ExamplesWhat is an elimination sample?What is the golden hour?How is the ‘integrrity of evidence’ maintained?What are latent prints? Are they visible to the naked eye?Are they visible in grease and blood?What determines the ‘order of examination’What is persistence?What is physical evidence?What is primary transfer?What is secondary transfer?What is significance?What is trace evidence?Can it be seen by the human eye?Describe the zonal system: What uses does each zone have?How does a buccal swap differ from a saliva sample?What is the decontamination zone model and when is it used?What action should be taken at scene (O/C scene) - in terms of the scene itself after all freeze control preserve action has been tended to:1. Make plan of scene What further enquiries should be made?What should be done with the suspect?
Hair• Recover with translucent tape and sandwich between acetate sheet.• Use tweezers and place on sellotape as above. Record where recovered from.• For general hair and fibre taping work over an item (ie. car seat) systematically in a grid fashion.• Label all as exhibits• Securely package and seal tapings in envelopes/sleeves.• Package loose fibres in screw top containers.• Package, seal, label asap to avoid contamination
How should exhibits obtained from crime scene be managed/ seized/ packaged?
Crime Scene Examination• Package, seal and label exhibits as soon as they are taken• Do not reuse any packaging• Seal with tape and sign across• Do not reopen after sealing until examination stage• Completely dry evidence containing blood or other body fluids before packaging. Affix biohazard warning labels to the outer.• Place evidence contaminated with human blood or other potentially infectious materials in sealed multi wall paper sack and label with biohazard warning. Avoid plastic and sealed jars when dealing with biological material as this will cause rapid degeneration of DNA.• Attach label that includes, exh no. description of item collected, location of item, time and date found, by whom collected, from whom collected (if applicable)• Store and transport control samples and items from each person in separate outer containers (ie. large paper sacks)
Should evidence containing blood/biological material be sealed immediately if wet?
No, dry naturally. Blood to be collected on dry sterile swab
What are four categories of biological material?
• Body fluids - semen, saliva, blood• Trace biological - epithelial cells (skin or mouth) transferred through contact• Hairs - hair shaft only, hair root• Toxicology - drugs in blood, urine, hair.
What are the different types of blood staining?
cast off (from implement or weapon)• Pooled blood (person lying in one position for period of time)• Dripped (indicates direction/movement of victim/assailant• Spattered (indicate impact or blows)• Arterial spurting• Backspatter (firearm wound)• Latent blood stains (not evident to naked eye and require luminol testing)
What is the chain of evidence?What is contamination and how does it occur? What is cross-contamination?Define DegradeDefineDeteriorateWhat is a crime scene? ExamplesWhat is an elimination sample?What is the golden hour?How is the ‘integrrity of evidence’ maintained?What are latent prints? Are they visible to the naked eye?Are they visible in grease and blood?What determines the ‘order of examination’What is persistence?What is physical evidence?What is primary transfer?What is secondary transfer?What is significance?What is trace evidence?Can it be seen by the human eye?Describe the zonal system: What uses does each zone have?How does a buccal swap differ from a saliva sample?What is the decontamination zone model and when is it used?What action should be taken at scene (O/C scene) - in terms of the scene itself after all freeze control preserve action has been tended to:1. Make plan of scene What further enquiries should be made?What should be done with the suspect?
Chain of evidence• record of all people who have had custody of an exhibit since it was discovered, its presentation in court and its security in police records.
What is contamination and how does it occur? What is cross-contamination?Define DegradeDefineDeteriorateWhat is a crime scene? ExamplesWhat is an elimination sample?What is the golden hour?How is the ‘integrrity of evidence’ maintained?What are latent prints? Are they visible to the naked eye?Are they visible in grease and blood?What determines the ‘order of examination’What is persistence?What is physical evidence?What is primary transfer?What is secondary transfer?What is significance?What is trace evidence?Can it be seen by the human eye?Describe the zonal system: What uses does each zone have?How does a buccal swap differ from a saliva sample?What is the decontamination zone model and when is it used?What action should be taken at scene (O/C scene) - in terms of the scene itself after all freeze control preserve action has been tended to:1. Make plan of scene What further enquiries should be made?What should be done with the suspect?
Contamination• Material is added to the exhibit post incident. .. when humans and animals enter the scene
What is cross-contamination?
Cross-contamination - is exchange of traces of forensic material between offender, crime scene, victim and other people.
Define DegradeDefine deteriorate
Degrade• Over time all bio material degrades naturally. Ie. body in shallow grave for several weeks.Deteriorate• Blood exposed to sun, exhibit exposed to rain, wet cloth exhibit in sealed plastic bag grows mould.
What is a crime scene? Examples
A crime scene• any place where offender has been in relation to the crime.• Place where offence occurred, the body itself in a homocide, all people present, vehicles, the suspects themselves, victim and suspect’s home and work.
What is an elimination sample?
Elimination sample• samples taken from people not connected with offence but who may have come into contact with the crime scene evidence. Taken to separate subject from the suspect’s DNA.
What is the golden hour?
Golden Hour• Period immediately following commission of offence when material is abundant and readily available to Police.• Positive action in this period maximises chance of securing material that will be admissible in court.
