101 Lecture 22 April 23

Question 1

Origins of the reformation lie well before 1519

In some ways the story isn’t over

2013: Catholic Church trying to find ways of coming to terms with changing societies and cultures.
Protestant churches continue to subdivide

Answer 1

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Question 2

Renaissance Popes

Particularly corrupt

Controlled by powerful families in Italy: Borgias, later the Medicis

Answer 2

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Question 3

Pope Julius II

A warrior
Personally led his troops in battle
Made the papal states a significant player in European diplomacy
Commissioned Michelangelo and Raphael

Outraged many Christians

Answer 3

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Question 4

After Julius II’s death, anonymous tract
“Julius Exclusus”

Refused entry into Heaven by St Peter

Summons his armies to besiege the gates

Answer 4

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Question 5

Leo X follows Julius

Lavish lifestyle

Answer 5

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Question 6

Salvation through Faith
No amount of good works can save you

But those who truly believe will do good works

Answer 6

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Question 7

Implications:
No need for religious ritual
No need for indulgences
No need to buy candles or say masses for the dead
No need for charity
No need for saints' relics

Answer 7

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Question 8

Mass should be to strengthen faith
Personal contact with God
So Mass should be in vernacular, not Latin
People should read the Bible

Answer 8

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Question 9

Political aspects

Answer 9

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Question 10

Protestant princes survived due to emperor Charles V’s divided attentions

Fighting Spanish and Flemish
New World territories
Guarding Europe against Ottoman Empire

Answer 10

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Question 11

The story of England

End of War of the Roses

Henry VII defeated and killed previous king, Richard III
Had his title ratified by Parliament
Married the heir of one of his leading rivals to the throne, Elizabeth of York
Married his son Arthur to the daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon
Married daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland

Answer 11

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Question 12

Surviving son: Henry VIII
Dynasty still precarious
Henry married Cathrine, his brother’s widow
Pope Julius II had given permission, as it was against Canon Law
Henry needed a son

Answer 12

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Question 13

Henry a convinced Catholic
Stamped out heresy and Protestantism
Wrote a book attacking Luther’s ideas
“Defender of the Faith”

Answer 13

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Question 14

No son every came
Daughter: Mary
Many failed pregnancies

God punishing Henry?

Answer 14

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Question 15

Mistress: Anne Boleyn
Anne teased him, suggesting he must marry her to enjoy her

Anne familiar with Protestantism. suggested that if pope would not annul, then set aside authority of the pope

Answer 15

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Question 16

Normally, popes were happy to accede to these kinds of requests.

But current politics made it difficult

Italy the battleground for the French Bourbons and the Spanish Habsburgs (the HREs)

Answer 16

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Question 17

Pope a virtual prisoner of the Habsburgs

Habsburg Charles V (HRE) has a grandson of Ferdinand of Aragon and a nephew of Catherine of Aragon

Charles forbade Pope Clement VII to give the annulment

Answer 17

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Question 18

Anne became pregnant

“the king’s great matter” now urgent

Needs to marry before the birth for the son to be heir to throne

(Of course, it’s a girl)

Answer 18

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Question 19

Luck for Henry: archbishop of Canterbury had died.

Thomas Cranmer appointed: leading scholar and theologican who was sympathetic to Protestantism

Minister, Thomas Cromwell, helped Henry use Parliament to defy the pope and divorce Catherine

Answer 19

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