101 Lecture 22 April 23 Flashcards
Origins of the reformation lie well before 1519
In some ways the story isn’t over
2013: Catholic Church trying to find ways of coming to terms with changing societies and cultures.
Protestant churches continue to subdivide
.
Renaissance Popes
Particularly corrupt
Controlled by powerful families in Italy: Borgias, later the Medicis
.
Pope Julius II
A warrior
Personally led his troops in battle
Made the papal states a significant player in European diplomacy
Commissioned Michelangelo and Raphael
Outraged many Christians
.
After Julius II’s death, anonymous tract
“Julius Exclusus”
Refused entry into Heaven by St Peter
Summons his armies to besiege the gates
.
Leo X follows Julius
Lavish lifestyle
.
Salvation through Faith
No amount of good works can save you
But those who truly believe will do good works
.
Implications: No need for religious ritual No need for indulgences No need to buy candles or say masses for the dead No need for charity No need for saints' relics
.
Mass should be to strengthen faith
Personal contact with God
So Mass should be in vernacular, not Latin
People should read the Bible
.
Political aspects
.
Protestant princes survived due to emperor Charles V’s divided attentions
Fighting Spanish and Flemish
New World territories
Guarding Europe against Ottoman Empire
.
The story of England
End of War of the Roses
Henry VII defeated and killed previous king, Richard III
Had his title ratified by Parliament
Married the heir of one of his leading rivals to the throne, Elizabeth of York
Married his son Arthur to the daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon
Married daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland
.
Surviving son: Henry VIII
Dynasty still precarious
Henry married Cathrine, his brother’s widow
Pope Julius II had given permission, as it was against Canon Law
Henry needed a son
.
Henry a convinced Catholic
Stamped out heresy and Protestantism
Wrote a book attacking Luther’s ideas
“Defender of the Faith”
.
No son every came
Daughter: Mary
Many failed pregnancies
God punishing Henry?
.
Mistress: Anne Boleyn
Anne teased him, suggesting he must marry her to enjoy her
Anne familiar with Protestantism. suggested that if pope would not annul, then set aside authority of the pope
.
Normally, popes were happy to accede to these kinds of requests.
But current politics made it difficult
Italy the battleground for the French Bourbons and the Spanish Habsburgs (the HREs)
.
Pope a virtual prisoner of the Habsburgs
Habsburg Charles V (HRE) has a grandson of Ferdinand of Aragon and a nephew of Catherine of Aragon
Charles forbade Pope Clement VII to give the annulment
.
Anne became pregnant
“the king’s great matter” now urgent
Needs to marry before the birth for the son to be heir to throne
(Of course, it’s a girl)
.
Luck for Henry: archbishop of Canterbury had died.
Thomas Cranmer appointed: leading scholar and theologican who was sympathetic to Protestantism
Minister, Thomas Cromwell, helped Henry use Parliament to defy the pope and divorce Catherine
.
