101 Lecture 15 March 26

Question 1

Europe becoming a more crowded place

Pop. in 1300 between 75 and 100 million. 2x to 3x more than around the year 1000

Answer 1

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Question 2

Economic changes and concerns over the new money economy led to new religious movements

Answer 2

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Question 3

Most important innovations: guilds and banks

Answer 3

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Question 4

Guilds

Analogous to a modern trade association (artisanal crafts) or a cartel (merchants).

Answer 4

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Question 5

Merchants organized first, by 1090s.

Arisanal guilds common after 1200

Merchants took refuge in numbers and banded together against extortion; mutual protection when traveling

Answer 5

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Question 6

They proliferate quickly

Set norms for commodity pricing, quality, quantity, means of production, wages to be paid

Answer 6

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Question 7

guilds had a lot of influence over society

Craft guilds: entry into their industry by setting strict regulations. heavy fees along the way.

Merchant guilds: wealth, family connections, social standing, ethnicity, political affiliation

Answer 7

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Question 8

Commercial monopolies
Urban politics

Charitable institutions
Schools
hospices
Food for poor
care for guild members fallen on hard times

Answer 8

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Question 9

Women in guilds directly and indirectly

Answer 9

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Question 10

Medieval cities thus become centers of industrial production for first time

Answer 10

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Question 11

Fairs develop

Fair circuits

Answer 11

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Question 12

Generate a lot of money so need a way to transport it without carrying huge bags of cash

Answer 12

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Question 13

Rise of banking.

Templars

Letters of credit (like modern checks)

Answer 13

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Question 14

Religious life

Answer 14

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Question 15

Medieval piety characterized in the 13th c. by the imitatio Christi “Imitation of Christ”

Hundreds of thousands tried to emulate the lifestyle of Christ

Answer 15

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Question 16

Religious confraternities developed in every city of any size.

Guilds practiced congregational worship and organized charity

Pilgrimages

Popular preachers in market squares and at fairs

Answer 16

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Question 17

Mendicant Orders

Felt Chruch had become static
Envisioned themselves as itinerant clerics free of the parish church and the remote monastery
Wanted to avoid the mundane responsibilities of the Church

Answer 17

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Question 18

Why the changes:

heightened emotionalism
humanized Christ
Mary

Grassroots

Church, within limits, advocated the imitatio Christi

Answer 18

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Question 19

Dominicans

Castilian cleric Dominic de Guzman 1170-1221

Dominic wanted to be more than a neighborhood priest
Wanted to be an evangelist in the world
1205 traveled to Rome to request that he be sent as a missionary to the Mongols

Answer 19

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Question 20

Pope Innocent III charged heretics with preaching to the Cathars in Southern France

Dominic viewed heresy as an educational problem not a crisis of Evil in the world.

Answer 20

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Question 21

1216 Pope Honorius III formally established the Dominicans.

Embraced imitatio Christi: vows of poverty

Answer 21

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Question 22

Preached far and wide

Baltic, holy land, Russia, central and southern Asia, Tibet, Mongolia, China

Answer 22

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Question 23

To many critics of the Dominicans, their method was their message
Cold, calm intellectualizing
Theological bean counters

Answer 23

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Question 24

Women also part of the order

Answer 24

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Question 25

Next to the imitatio christi, importance of the idea of evangelical poverty

Chosen poverty

Answer 25

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Question 26

Christians had long been ambivalent about money.

Money is of the world.
Christ preached about the next world.

Answer 26

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Question 27

Popular, joking criticism of the Church’s concern for money was a simple anagram that, in latin, spelled out the phrase “Avarice is the root of all evil.”

Radix Omnia Malorum [est] Avaritia

Answer 27

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Question 28

Most of the champions of evangelical poverty came from comfortable positions in society.

Answer 28

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Question 29

Similar to those who began the monastic movement in the fourth and fifth centuries

Answer 29

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Question 30

Best known renouncer of worldly goods: St Francis of Assisi 1181-1226

Franciscan Order / Order of Friars Minor

Answer 30

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Question 31

Son of a well-to-do merchant
Carefree youth

Religious transformation in early 20s

Renounced his inheritance, dedicated his life to evangelical poverty and serving the urban poor

Answer 31

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Question 32

Family alarmed by his actions

Sack cloth, rags, gave away money and food to passersby, tended to a leper community

Answer 32

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Question 33

talked to animals

Began his preaching career in 1209. Got permission from Innocent III as he was not an ordained priest

Answer 33

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Question 34

Franciscans wildly popular.

1000s joined

A Franciscan preached at the court of Ghenghis Khan

Answer 34

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Question 35

“Preach the Gospel at all times; when absolutely necessary, use words.”

Answer 35

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Question 36

Critics: Franciscans are simpletons

Franciscans going to Germany. “Ja” “Ja” Don’t know German. Everything seems to go well at first when they say “ja.”

Asked if they were heretics who had come to Germany in order to spread the same evils with which they had alerady infected Lombardy.
“ja”

Franciscans thrown into prison, stripped of their clothing, forced to stand in village greens whil locals made fun of them

Franciscans decide efforts in Germany in vain. Return to Italy. Spread horrible rumors about Germans such that no Franciscans would go there except for martyrdom

Answer 36

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Question 37

Poor Clares

Answer 37

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