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101 Lectures > 101 Lecture 2 Jan 29 > Flashcards

101 Lecture 2 Jan 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

Review of Pax Romana’s end

In-Class Writing!

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2
Q

Why did Rome fall? 3 questions

  1. Why did the West fall apart? Corollary: Was this because of internal or external pressures?
  2. Who were these barbarians?
  3. Does this transformation mark a gradual shift to another civilization or is it the beginning of an uncivilized “Dark Ages”?
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3
Q

410-480 Western Roman empire disintegrated

Dismembered by barbarian groups who were not intent on destruction. Wanted to be part of the empire. Except the Huns

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4
Q

476 conventional date for end of R. E
In that year a barbarian chieftain deposed a Roman emperor. What is new: this chieftan Odavacar deposed the child emperor Romulus Augustulus . Instead of installing a new emperor, O. Wrote to Constantinople and said I will be loyal to you and recognize you as the sole emperor. Symbolic, but no practical significance. Western empire now for all intents and purposes a collection of barbarian kingdoms

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5
Q

Severity?
One historian, Roger Collins, calls it _ merely _ the ‘breakdown of a government apparatus that could no longer be sustained”.

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6
Q

Could everything else continue in the absence of a state and a political order?
Loss of maintenance of law and peace if there is no longer a military and governmental structure.

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7
Q

Controversy over the amount of change: catastrophists and continuists

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8
Q

Catastroshists: 450 to 550 a catastrophe happened. More primitive, illiterate, and rural era. More warlike. Literature lost. More primitive architecture End of civic projects. Subsistence. Lessening of trade.

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9
Q

Continuists: changes dramatic but more surface. Survival of trade. Role of bishops as replacing Roman governors. Barbarian kings try to perpetuate Roman order. Taxes. Some civic projects. Not radically more barbarised than preceding 150 years.

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10
Q

250 to 600. What changed according to continuists is that the ancient world became the medieval world. The urban culture became more rural. Latin amalgamated to German. Pagan to Christian.

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11
Q

Key is that there who before had always been outside the empire are now in it

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12
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Simple answer to collapse: taken over by German confederations who came as military recruits. Allies, refugees.
Admired Rome.
Tens of thousands. Not that numerous

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13
Q

Changes in Roman Army

4th century tendency to get the more familiar barbarians into the army as recruits

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14
Q

370s Visigoths ask to be admitted as an allied army. Whole group will be federated.
Visigoths not a nomadic people

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15
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Once they crossed the frontier, Rome inept in feeding them. Visigoths rebelled. Not very new. What is new is that the emperor led an army to suppress than. He was defeated at battle of Adrionople. Emperor Valens killed. 378.

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16
Q

Defeat not immediately cataclysmic.

382 Visigoths recognised and allowed to settle in the Balkans as federati. Reasonably useful troops.

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17
Q

Barbarization of army. German generals. Magister militum. Powerful leaders of tribal groups. Power behind the throne.

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18
Q

Two of these were the Vandal Stilico and the Visigoth Alaric. A wanted territory, food and treasure from Rome. Visigoths starting to move into Greece and eventually would move into Italy. Stilico played a kind of game with Alaric trying to keep him in check in the name Of the Western emperor. Also negotiating with him.

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19
Q

Emperors moved from Rome to Milan to Ravenna, in the marshes. Ravenna the last capital Of the western empire.
Eventually Stilico executed by emperor and Alaric world invade and plunder Rome in 410. This is the Sack of Rome that shocked contemporaries

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20
Q

Where is the Roman army in all of this?
Curiosly absent in the history of the fifth century.
Not having or losing pitched battles. Supports the idea of internal collapse.
Maybe army indistinguishable from invaders.

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21
Q

Huns
450 united under the leadership of Attila
Eastern emperor defeated the Huns and discontinued tribute. Huns decided Constantinople too tough. Turn west for easier pickings.

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22
Q

Show up in Gaul in 450. Defeated by an army of Visigoths allied with the Romans.
Go to Italy. Sack cities in the northeast. No army confronts them.
Only one power willing to deal with Attila. The bishop of Rome. Leo I. Along with two senators goes north to remonstrate with Attila. 453. Attila died shortly after of a brain hemmorage. Huns quickly disintegrate.

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23
Q

Maps in atlas

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23
Q

Pope taking over of Roman imperial responsibilities. Important for future assertion of papal power and the way in which church starts to take over roles abandoned by the empire

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24
Q

Vandals by 430 take over North Africa. Cuts Off grain supply to Rome.

They have a navy and sack Rome in 455.

Probably worse than what Visigoths did in 410.

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25
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470 Visigoths control southern Gaul.

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26
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506 the Franks defeat the Visigoths and begin to push them out of southern Gaul.

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27
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Suevi in Spain

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28
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Ostrogoths in Hungary

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29
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Angles and Saxons in Britain.

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30
Q

Alemanni in Germany

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31
Q

In 476 all that remained for Odovacar to overthrow was Italy.

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32
Q

493 eastern emperor convinced ostrogoths to take Italy from Odovacar. Overthrow him. Leader Theodoric

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33
Q

Did people know what was going on?

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34
Q

lack of awareness of collapse.
100 years ago you needed Latin and Greek just to get in to college. Future historians might be scandalized. Decline of humanities. New Dark Ages. We distract ourselves with our toys.
Patrick Leigh Fermor. Great British character. Caught a German general in WW2. Delivered him to a British destroyer after a 3 week hike. On that hike. Conservation over a fire in the wilderness German quotes a line from Horace. Fermor finishes the quote and supplies the next 2 stanzas. That world now over. This world existed in 300 CE. In monasteries of 800. In universities of 1200. 18th, 19th, early 2Oth centuries.

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35
Q

‘Radical material simplification’ Chris Wiccam.
Meaning standard of living plummets. Fewer luxury goods.
Countryside of Rome had not grown enough wheat to feed the city since 200 BCE. Vandals cut supply of wheat.
Multiply this phenomenon

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36
Q

Population decline. Looking at food supply, public welfare payments, water delivery for aqueducts, and abandonment of houses: 5 BCE Roman pop 80o,ooo to a million. Constantine: 600,000. 419: 300,000 to 500,0OO. By 590 could not be more than a 150,000 people in Rome. 800; Charlemagne crowned in Rome. maximum population of 30,000.

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37
Q

Boethius the last to try to make Greek known to people who only read Latin. Wanted to translate all Plato and Aristotle. Started by doing a first introductory text. Project did not get very far. Accused by Theoderic of conspiring with the eastern empire to overthrow him. Imprisoned for a year. Wrote a magnificent text The Consolation of Philosophy. Why we live and die. Executed. Christian but Consolation a Stoic text.

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38
Q

Cassiodorus lives to 90. Conceives of a program of education focused on Latin. Founder or or least transmitter Of the idea of the liberal arts. Christian. Originates idea that monks should copy manuscripts. Preserve Of culture should be monasteries. This is new. Monasteries start out as anti- intellectual institutions. Visions, not study. Liberal arts: things that are not immediately practical or useful, but that help illuminate the person seeking after knowledge - particularly Of God and the divine. Why not just read the Bible? Bible not an immediately evident document. Full Of mysteries. Contradictions. Application. To celebrate rituals, need to know the day, phases of the moon. When is Easter?

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39
Q 
Civilization did not end. 
A certain kind of society ended. 
4 heirs 
1. Byzantine empire 
2. Barbarian kings 
3. Islam 
4. The Church
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40
Q

So who were these barbarians/Germanic tribes anyways?

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41
Q

I. Not particularly nomadic. Grave sights. Sometimes with stuff, including Roman artifacts

main written source is Tacitus. 100.
Germans are childlike and noble. Warlike. Intent on invading to enjoy Rome’s riches. Honor. Close family ties. Treat women well. Heterosexual. No divorce. Never visited them.

Wrote the work as a way of berating the Romans and Roman decadence. Moral treatise. German vices; lazy, drunk, quarrel, gamble.

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42
Q

Two things he describes are clearly true.

1.Comitatus the armed entourage around the leader. Loyal. Certain amount of autonomy.

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43
Q
  1. The feud. Characteristic of socities without a strong central government and w/ a generous definition of kinship. Vengeance is also protection. One way of avoiding too many feud deaths is compensation: wergeld. Sliding scales.
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44
Q

Governing

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45
Q

Most acknowledge some kind of suzerainty of Constantinople. Clovis gets gifts from emperor Anastasius and, according to Gregory of Tours, the title of consul. Symbolic.
Changes in 6th century when east tries to reclaim its lost western half.

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46
Q
  1. Ostrogoths the most impressive tribe. Occupying Italy which is the most Roman region, the most prosperous, the most intact economically and culturally. Had been in the Crimean area. Late 5th C. tried to attack Constantinople. Encouraged to move against the Visigoths. Theoderic. Rule from Ravenna. His tomb still there.
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47
Q

Vandals in Tunisia and Eastern Algeria.
Moorsish kingdoms. Dessert peoples pressing the Vandals.
Vandals less accomodaling than, the Ostrogoths. More fiercely Arian. Persecuted Roman elite and non- Arian bishops. Effective rulers. Navy. Plundered Rome several times in fifth c. Beleaguered by Moors.

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48
Q

Vandals

By 506 their kingdom had shrunk. Also a minority of the population. Tended to feud with each other.
Driven out Of North Africa by eastern empire. 520s to early 530s. Obliterated.

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49
Q

Commonalities of the kingdoms: disorganization, in -fighting. alien religious beliefs. Inability to stimulate and maintain an economy.

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50
Q

Roman elite accomodated themselves to their new rulers.
Man from a wealthy family in southern France named Sidonius Apolonaris. Bishop. Many letters between him and visigothic king Thought them uncouth and hard to deal with. Ignorant Of the classics, but not very frightening.
Improvisation.
Severinus of Noricum. Saint in Austria. His life tells in that he learned of the empire. (long quote) Starts to organize his society. Poor relief. Remonstrates with king of Alemanni. Diverts 0strogoths. Church again stepping up

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51
Q

Re-invasion

Byzantine Empire

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52
Q

Justinian ruled 527 to 565

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53
Q

Ruled as a team with Theodora

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54
Q

War with Persia
Part Of a multi- Century conflict. In this case it’s over the caucausus
Ready about trying to protect Byzantium from Persian invasion

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55
Q

J wanted peace with Persia
531. Eastern empire and Persia signed a perpetual peace.
J moved his troops to the west.

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56
Q

Vandal War 533
Triumph for Justinian
Vandals seem to fall without a fight. Berber population revolted and were able to raid the coast and undermine the position of the Byzantine occupiers.

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57
Q

Italy 535
takes twenty years
Italy devastated and much ofthe remainder of classical culture lost.

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58
Q

Easterns triumph at first. But Ostrogoths turn out to be much stronger than expected
General recalled by J
Almost all of Italy reoccupied
552 to 555 new general able to take over Italy
540 Ravenna falls to Byzantines. Seems to be height of J ‘s reign.

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59
Q

Same year 540 Persians invade. Sack of Antioch the third largest city in the empire. Followed by a plague.
Persians pushed out

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60
Q

Empire starting to stagger under the weight of taxation and economic downturn. Population decrease. Over extension.

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61
Q

In-Class Writing

Most important or interesting thing
Anticipation for readings on early church?

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101 Lectures (18 decks)

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