101 Lecture 13-14 March 19-21

Question 1

Today we’ll be discussing developments in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Papal Monarchy
Representative Institutions
Urbanization

Answer 1

.

Question 2

Slide

The conflict between
Gregory VII and Henry IV did not end the struggles between reformed Church and the new states of the medieval west.

Answer 2

.

Question 3

Concordat of Worms 1122 resolved the major issues of the Investiture Controversy

Answer 3

.

Question 4

Aftermath: general lull in Church-State tensions.

Crusades provided a venue for joint action and putting differences aside.

Answer 4

.

Question 5

The prosperity and energy of the 12th century Renaissance made people less willing to drag out old conflicts.

Conflict could not be ignored forever.

Answer 5

.

Question 6

Concordat of Worms had confirmed the Two Swords theory of ecclesiastical-governmental relations

God had created the ecclesiastical power (sacerdotium) and the secular royal authority (imperium). Meant for them to be in harmony.

Answer 6

.

Question 7

Simple in theory

Messy in practice

Answer 7

.

Question 8

Europe was governed by territorial law instead of personal law.

Answer 8

.

Question 9

Could a French citizen convicted of a crime appeal to the papcy?

If an English priest committed a crime against the kin’gs law (murder), was he to be tried by king’s court or by the local bishop’s? English common law or canon law?

Are German abbots subject to German taxes?

Answer 9

.

Question 10

This debate was renewed in many places throughout Europe in the second half of the 12th and in the 13th centuries.

Here is one example: England’s King Henry II. r. 1154-1189

Slide

Answer 10

.

Question 11

Master of nearly half of France as well as king of England

Had come to power after a civil war and the decline of government under the previous king, Stephen.

Answer 11

.

Question 12

Henry took nearly 20 years to bring local barons and sheriffs back under control.

He conducted a kingdom-wide inquest into popular grievances against local officials.

Developed a single law code for the realm, applicable to all non-noble citizens. Common Law.

Trial by jury

Answer 12

.

Question 13

During 1130s and 1140s, England’s ecclesiastical courts had greatly enlarged their jurisdiction. Impinged on royal jurisdiction.

Important issues at stake in this.

Restoration of royal rights: royal court could not afford to let the Church take over the function of providing justice

Answer 13

.

Question 14

Perceived fairness in sentencing. Church did not execute, even for felony crimes.

Having two standards of justice violated the idea of a rational order.

Answer 14

.

Question 15

Issue of criminal clergy: priests violating royal law.

Answer 15

.

Question 16

If Church controlled royal courts, what prevented convicts from appealing to Rome? To allow this was to threaten the sovereignty of the Angevin dynasty.

Think about US vs UN and the International Criminal Court

Answer 16

.

Question 17

Henry II saw his opportunity in 1162 when the archbishop of Canterbury died.

Appoints Thomas Becket, the royal chancellor.

But Becket, to everyone’s surprise, has a spiritual epiphany and becomes a foe of royal designs

Answer 17

.

Question 18

Angry words.

Reconciliation attempt in 1170 falls apart as Becket excommunicated several of Henry’s supporters.

Henry flies into rage.

Answer 18

.

Question 19

Story of Becket’s murder

Answer 19

.

Question 20

The murder shocked Europe.

Popular cult focused on Becket’s martyrdom soon arose

Canonized in 3 years.

Answer 20

.

Question 21

Henry genuinely sorry

But he refused to relinquish his jurisdictional claims

Answer 21

.

Question 22

Slide

In general, the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th centuries was a time of working out the final kinks of the church reform movement

Answer 22

.

Question 23

The Reform Movement had begun with the identification of the Church as the outraged innocent, the spiritual house of God being trammeled by a self-serving and greedy secular world

Answer 23

.

Question 24

Toward the end of 11th c., the radical reform popes changed the rules of the game by proclaiming the Church’s superiority to and sovereignty over the secular world.

Papacy had become a massive bureaucracy whose hallways teemed with lawyers

Answer 24

.

Question 25

Slide But to fulfill the idea that the Church had supremacy, there had to be a way of weilding that power ``` Financial machinery Judicial system Bureaucratic structure Police network Standing army ```

Answer 25

.

Question 26

Slide Not everyone thrilled with this new Church Short-live revolt in Rome by Arnold of Brescia Wanted to re-establish Roman republic: do away with pope and emperor

Answer 26

.

Question 27

True Christian society could only be reached by restoring true republicanism. Pope and Emperor (Hadrian IV and Frederick Barbarossa) join forces and defeat the rebellion Arnold hanged His ideas long survived him.

Answer 27

.

Question 28

Slide At the heart of Arnold's revolt was the question of whether the Church, esp the papacy, could dominate and administer the world without being corrupted by it. Papal curia believed it could. More importantly, they believed it had to.

Answer 28

.

Question 29

This was the beginning of the idea of Papal Monarchy. The conviction that the stability of Christian society required the oversight of an impartial arbiter. Church's disinterestedness in worldly affairs made it the perfect and necessary judge over those affairs.

Answer 29

.

Question 30

Slide The high point of the medieval papacy, and the culmination of this idea of Papal Monarchy, was under the pontificate of Innocent III (r. 1198-1216)

Answer 30

.

Question 31

Papacy, to Innocent, possessed a "fullness of power" (plenitudo potestatis) that entitled it, and in fact required it, to involve itself in every aspect of human life in which moral or spiritual matters were at stake.

Answer 31

.

Question 32

Slide 1215 Fourth Lateran Council Greatest achievement of Innocent's pontificate General council held in Rome to complete, finalize, and codify the reform of the Church. Largest church council since Nicaea in 325.

Answer 32

.

Question 33

The Latin Church reached its full maturity with this council. Organized the papal bureaucracy into the offices that it would retain for centuries. Formally established the 7 Sacraments Confession and Communion

Answer 33

.

Question 34

Slide 13th century generally was a time of bureaucracy Development of institutions to run a society growing more complex. This is the time of the emergence of monarchies and kings the way we see them depicted in movies

Answer 34

.

Question 35

Constant tension at this time between a centralizing royal ambition and a centrifugal aristocratic localism. Each kingdom responded in its own way.

Answer 35

.

Question 36

France emerged as the largest and strongest of the centralized monarchies, mostly at England's expense. England developed the most effective and modern parliamentary form of government Germany's Diet was a conservative guarantor of baronial privilege

Answer 36

.

Question 37

In the Mediterranean, communes went through a series of refinement and changes: some strengthening their republican and mercantile character; others lessening it in favor of despotism

Answer 37

.

Question 38

Fundamental goal in every case, according to the theorists: find a right ordering of the world, to create a polity that was in accord with local circumstances and traditions and with an understanding of God's design of and for the world

Answer 38

.

Question 39

By the end of the 13th c., most of the states of Europe had the fundamental institutions and political traditions that they would retain for the next 500 years Details changed, structures remain.

Answer 39

.

Question 40

Slide In terms of understanding the impact that this period had, we're going to approach it from the perspective of representative institutions and towns (if there's time today)

Answer 40

.

Question 41

By end of 13th c., just about every state in Europe had some sort of representative assembly, possessing something more than an advisory power. Ability to check the power of the ruler the fundamental component of a representative government.

Answer 41

.

Question 42

Most often, this ability to check power comes first through the power of the purse

Answer 42

.

Question 43

People rarely willingly paid taxes. Began demanding something in return; usually, a voice in how the money would be spent.

Answer 43

.

Question 44

As the power and reach of bureaucracies grew in 12th and 13th c., so too did their expenses, which led to a need for more taxes. This then drove an increase in representative institutions.

Answer 44

.

Question 45

But this is not the whole story.

Answer 45

.

Question 46

Slide From the Greco-Romans, medieval inherited the twin notions of individual rights (eg right to property) and idea of public duty (obligation to serve the state). Rulers and magistrates functionaries enacting will of the people, not imposing their own will.

Answer 46

.

Question 47

Germanic tribes had also had a tradition of some sort of majority rule on issues that effected the entire community

Answer 47

.

Question 48

Monastic Rule the earliest model of a constitutionally organized, self-governing ministate in which each individual had an established place, rights, and duties

Answer 48

.

Question 49

Slide Medieval Constitutionalism: as laws become national, not personal, this idea reinforced.

Answer 49

.

Question 50

``` England had the Parliament. France the Estates General. Germany the Diet. Poland the Sejm. etc. ```

Answer 50

.

Question 51

Slide Let's take the example of England.

Answer 51

.

Question 52

We need to start with Bad King John

Answer 52

.

Question 53

He was cruel and capritious. He also had bad luck of ruling at the same time as two of the strongest personalities of Europe: Innocent III and Philip Augustus of France

Answer 53

.

Question 54

John constantly trying to improve and streamline English bureaucracy. Recognized that the urbanization of English society held the greatest promise for long-term growth

Answer 54

.

Question 55

John encouraged urbanization by granting numerous municipal charters and developing a unified commercial tax code. Tried to raise money by insisting on higher feudal reliefs from his barons and charging fees for favors granted by the crown

Answer 55

.

Question 56

Slide Unfortunately for John, these demands for more money coincided with great losses of English territory in France. So what crown lost in revenue from the lands on the continent, it tried to make up for with these other policies

Answer 56

.

Question 57

Townsfolk and barons felt they were paying for the crown's own follies Nicknames: John Soft-Sword; John Lack-land

Answer 57

.

Question 58

Every loss of land in France was followed wtih a demand for higher taxes

Answer 58

.

Question 59

Slide A decisive loss against the French in 1214 was the last straw for the barons

Answer 59

.

Question 60

They plotted rebellion. Spring 1215 they occupied London

Answer 60

.

Question 61

John had no choice but to relent. Met with representatives of the rebels at Runnymede (meadow outside London)

Answer 61

.

Question 62

Agreed to sign Magna Carta (Great Charter)

Answer 62

.

Question 63

Slide Conservative document Confirmed and guaranteed old privileges

Answer 63

.

Question 64

Outlawed specific abuses, but did little to extend the rights of hte ruled in any significant way.

Answer 64

.

Question 65

Its most famous clause No free man shall be arrested, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, or banished , or in any way destroyed, neither will we proceed against him nor command against him except by the judgment of his peers or by the law of the land

Answer 65

.

Question 66

Earliest expression of due process But not a new idea!

Answer 66

.

Question 67

Slide Magna Carta therefore important for its Symbolism. King was forced to sign a document guaranteeing certain rights of the governed

Answer 67

.

Question 68

Slide England's real foray into representative government, however, would not come until the reign of John's son, Henry III (r. 1216-1272). Not a strong character or able king

Answer 68

.

Question 69

In 1250, throne to the kingdom of Sicily became vacant and papacy offered the crown to the highest bidder

Answer 69

.

Question 70

Henry wanted it for one of his sons and spent several years and a lot of money trying to get it

Answer 70

.

Question 71

In 1258, barons reached the end of their rope Staged something of a coup d'etat that established an aristocratic oligarchy that severly checked the power of the king

Answer 71

.

Question 72

Slide In effect, this was the beginning of a constitutional monarchy Barons forced Herny to agree to the Provisions of Oxford in 1258

Answer 72

.

Question 73

Established a baronial council under the leadership of an official (justiciar) who ran the government in the king's name.

Answer 73

.

Question 74

Governing council takes the name of Parliament House of Commons comes about slowly; established in 14th c.

Answer 74

.

Question 75

Slide Towns the other great development of the 13th c. that would have long-lasting consequences

Answer 75

.

Question 76

looked different everywhere, but some basic commonalities

Answer 76

.

Question 77

``` Townsfolk took great pride in their cities Cathedrals Bridges Aqueducts, Sewers Town walls Bell towers Hospitals etc. ```

Answer 77

.

Question 78

Slide Development of a new class: burghers/bourgeoisie

Answer 78

.

Question 79

These were the free artisans and merchants who controlledthe economic life of the community and usually its political life as well

Answer 79

.

Question 80

Middle class was broad and fluid, with a wide range of income levels and social and legal privileges

Answer 80

.

Question 81

Merchants generally saw aristocrats as pampered dullards who were leaches on society Aristocrats saw merchants as uncultivated nouveaux riches trying to buy their way into proper society

Answer 81

.

Question 82

Slide Cities were in many ways places of change and social mobility, but we shouldn't see them as necessarily anti-authoritarian

Answer 82

.

Question 83

Pigs Sewage Night patrols and curfews distinct quarters and streets

Answer 83

.

Question 84

But this doesn't tell the full story of cities. I want to spend the rest of today looking at some aspects of popular culture and daily life

Answer 84

.

Question 85

Slide Let's start with the architecture Civil pride Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals.

Answer 85

.

Question 86

The growth of towns, castles, cathedrals, churches, mansions, and universities gave artists every opportunity to show off and perfect techniques

Answer 86

.

Question 87

Common theme in the art was the cohesion and unity of society under the leadership of great powers Christendom, ideal vision since Charlemagne, had become a meaningful cultural and religions reality (or so the thinkers liked to believe)

Answer 87

.

Question 88

Architecture the dominant art form In France alone, worked mined more stone for church in 200 years than all the slaves of ancient Egypt quarried in 3000 years for the pyramid, temple and palace building of the pharaohs.

Answer 88

.

Question 89

Cathedrals immense. Nothing else like them before in the past 1000 years

Answer 89

.

Question 90

The Gothic cathedral at Beauvais tall enough to hold a 15-storey modern office tower

Answer 90

.

Question 91

Romaesque 11th and early 12th c.

Answer 91

.

Question 92

Romanesque churches had elaborate sculptures surrounding portals and extending along exterior walls Usually a planned program of images

Answer 92

.

Question 93

Each portal had a different theme Slides

Answer 93

.

Question 94

Slide Transition to Gothic Various factors Engineering: new ways to increase height of church and number and size of windows Encouraged and responded to heightened emotionalism of popular piety

Answer 94

.

Question 95

Symbols of civic pride Towns competed with each other Combined architecture, sculpture, painting, drama, music Living art

Answer 95

.

Question 96

Each cathedral its own summa theologica Slides

Answer 96

.

Question 97

Slide Vernacular Literature

Answer 97

.

Question 98

Review from when we talked about courtly love before break Chansons de geste Celebrated great role of warrior elites. Presented a militarized and stratified world of lord and vassal

Answer 98

.

Question 99

Lyric poems of the Troubadours Focus on love poetry

Answer 99

.

Question 100

Stage plays Itinerant players Mystery plays: biblical dramas Morality plays: personified human attributes disputed between themselves Miracle plays: saints lives

Answer 100

.

Question 101

Romance of the Rose 1230s Dream vision Poet wandering an enchanted walled garden filled with personifications like Lord Mirch, Friend, Villany, etc. Falls in love iwth perfect rose at center of garden: allegory of perfect wommanhood.

Answer 101

.

Question 102

Story of trying to reach that rose. Left unfinished by first author. Finished by second. Longer than Iliad and Odyssey combined. Dream vision becomes an encyclopedic roadmap of the human heart

Answer 102

.

Question 103

Fabliaux Witty, irreverent, salacious, short stories in verse. All professions represented, but most often those of the city and town Adultery and seduction most common themes Poking fun at social system

Answer 103

.

Question 104

Festivals Hugh of St. Victor: Study everything, eventually in life you will come to understand that nothing is superfluous We have a plethora of info on daily life from the 13th and 14th centuries Thanks to papermaking

Answer 104

.

Question 105

Professional musicians Jongleurs, minstrels Slide Dancing Popular games Slides

Answer 105

.