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CABS - MSK > 1000ft view skeletal system > Flashcards

1000ft view skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the musculoskeletal inclusive of

A

bones, joints, and soft tissue

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2
Q

what is the purpose of the MSK

A

supports, protects, gives form and assists with mobilization

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3
Q

what do bones help with

A

mineral maintenance

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4
Q

what gives rise to bone cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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5
Q

what are the major cells in bone tissue

A

ostoeblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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6
Q

what resorb bone and assist with mineral homeostasis

A

osteoclasts

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7
Q

what are basic bone cells and mechanoreceptors

A

osteocytes

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8
Q

what creates new bone

A

osteoblasts

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9
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

resorb bone, assist with mineral homeostasis

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10
Q

what are osteocytes

A

basic bone cells, mechanoreceptors

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11
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

create new bone

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12
Q

what is the diaphysis

A

the shaft of the bone

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13
Q

what is the epiphysial line

A

the growth plate

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14
Q

What is the periosteium

A

the outermost covering that contains vasculature and nerves

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15
Q

what contains osteoprogenitor cells

A

the periosteum

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16
Q

what are developments of osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

what are the layers of the periosteum

A

external and internal

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18
Q

what does the external layer of the periosteum contain

A

vasculature and nerves and is tougher

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19
Q

what is the most sensitive area of the bone

A

the external layer of the periosteum

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20
Q

what branches through the Volkmann canals

A

the nerves and vasculature of the external layer of the periosteum

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21
Q

the nerves and vasulature are contained in what layer of the bone

A

the external layer of the periosteum

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22
Q

what is within the internal layer of the periosteum

A

the osteoprogenitor cells

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23
Q

where are the osteoprogenitor cells found

A

on the internal layer of the periosteum

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24
Q

How is the internal periosteum attached to the bone

A

via Sharpey fibers

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25
Q

what are Sharpey fibers

A

fiber layer that attach the internal layer of the periosteum to the bone

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26
Q

what is found in the inner layer of the periosteum

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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27
Q

what is compact bone also known as

A

cortical bone

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28
Q

what makes up a majority of the skeleton

A

cortical/compact bone

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29
Q

how is compact bone described

A

organized and strong

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30
Q

what system is within the cortical bone

A

the haversian system

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31
Q

what is an osteon

A

function unit of the haversion system that run parallel to eachother

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32
Q

what is part of the haversion system that runs parallel to eachother

A

osteon

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33
Q

What is the central canal of the osteon

A

lamellae

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34
Q

What is the lamellae

A

central canal surrounded by layers of matrix

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35
Q

what is contained within the lamellae

A

arterial, venous blood supply, lymph vessels and nerves

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36
Q

what are the lucunae

A

spaces between the layers of the lamellae

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37
Q

where is arterial, venous blood supply, lymph vessels and nerves found

A

they are contained within the lamellae

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38
Q

what is the spaces between the layers of lamellae

A

lucunae

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39
Q

what is found within the lucunae

A

osteocytes that are bathed in fluid that allows for the transfer of nutrients/waste

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40
Q

where are the osteocytes found and what are they in

A

within the lucunae

and they are bathed in fluid that allows for the transfer of nutrient of waste/nutrients

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41
Q

what does the fluid within the lacunae allow for

A

transfer of nutrients/waste

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42
Q

what do the canaliculi contain

A

cytoplastmic process extensions from the osteocyte

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43
Q

what do the canaliculi allow for

A

nutrition exchange of the osteocyte

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44
Q

how is vasculature transversed

A

via the volkmann canal

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45
Q

what can cause the formation/degradation of the osteon

A

mechanical stressors

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46
Q

what do mechanical stresses cause

A

the formation/degradation of the osteon

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47
Q

what is another name for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

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48
Q

what is spongy bone

A

layered, mesh-like formation of trabeculae

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49
Q

where is spongy bone located

A

encased within the endosteum

50
Q

what is encased within the endosteum

A

spongy bone and bone marrow

51
Q

what does cancellous bone assist with

A

metabolic demands of the bone

52
Q

where is the endosteum found

A

it lines the inner aspect of the bone, covering the trabeculae structure

53
Q

what lines the inner aspect of the bone and covers the trabecule structure

A

endosteum

54
Q

what does the spongy bone contain

A

osteoblasts and precursor cells that helps to form more bone matrix

55
Q

where are osteoblasts and precursor cells located

A

within the spongy bone

56
Q

where is bone marrow located

A

found within the medullary canal within the spongy bone

57
Q

what is red marrow responsible for

A

hematopoiesis

58
Q

what is yellow marrow responsible for

A

storage of fat

59
Q

what can fat within the yellow marrow do

A

be converted to red marrow in times of need and assist with hematopoiesis

60
Q

what is responsible for hemotopoiesis

A

red marrow

61
Q

what part in the bone stores fat

A

yellow marrow

62
Q

what is the bone matrix

A

the extracellular element of the bone ( dense supportive structure)

63
Q

what does the bone matrix consist of

A

35% osteoid
65% mineral component (calcium)

64
Q

What is the ground substance

A

mature bone matrix

65
Q

What compound creates the hard support of bone

A

crystallized calcium

66
Q

what creates support/strength of bone

A

collagen fibers

67
Q

what do proteoglycans do

A

they are proteins that transport the calcium and help organize the extracellular matrix

68
Q

what do the bone morphogenic proteins do

A

assist with repair of the bone and supportive structures - there are several different types

69
Q

what is secreted by osteoblasts

A

collagen

70
Q

how is the bone matrix formed

A

form together in thin chains that arrange in staggered patten and they interlink and form collagen ropes, supported by minerals

71
Q

what are condrocytes

A

the start of bone formation during fetal development

72
Q

what does calcium phosphate form into to create

A

creates hydroxyapatite crystals

73
Q

what is hydroxyapatite crystals formed from

A

calcium phosphate

74
Q

Where are osteoblasts found

A

on the surface of the bone laying in a singular level

75
Q

when are osteocalcin released

A

in response to changes in the PTH

76
Q

what does the release of osteocalcin create

A

osteoid

77
Q

what is transforming growth factor

A

remodeling

78
Q

What stimulates the growth of bone

A

pressure

79
Q

what makes up a vast majority of bone cells

A

osteocytes

80
Q

what allows for communication and nutrient sharing

A

dendritic processes of osteocytes

81
Q

what acts as mechanorectptors

A

the cilia on the osteocyte

82
Q

what detects alterations in stressors

A

the cilia on the osteocyte

83
Q

what regulates bone density and maintains the nutrient level

A

endocrine receptor - osteocyte

84
Q

what do osteoclasts have

A

podosomes which allow them to attach to identified areas

85
Q

what leaves “ruffled borders”

A

ostoclasts

86
Q

what is released when calcitonin is stimulated

A

podosomes

87
Q

what are the key hormones within bone

A

calcitonin
PTH
Vitamin D synergist of PTH

88
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

lowers the Calcium blood levels

89
Q

what lowers the calcium blood levels

A

calcitonin

90
Q

what does the PTH do

A

increases calcium blood levels

91
Q

what increases calcium blood levels

A

PTH

92
Q

what does the axial skeleton consist of

A

central structures (skull, spine and thorax)

93
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs (pelvis, upper and lower extremities)

94
Q

how many bones do humans have on average

A

206 bones

95
Q

what develops via endochondral ossification

A

long bones

96
Q

what are the structures of a long bone

A

epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis
medullary cavity

97
Q

how many layers does the metaphyses contain

A

5 layers

98
Q

how does bone development begin

A

begins as hyaline cartilage cells near the epiphysis

99
Q

what hormones control bone development/growth

A

testosteron, estrogen and growth hormones

100
Q

what is appositional growth

A

thickening of the bone

101
Q

what are flat bones

A

plates of compact bone running in parallel - small layer of spongy between

102
Q

how do flat bones develop

A

via intramembranous ossification

103
Q

what are cuboidal bones

A

short bones
primarily spongy bone, thin layer of compact bone

104
Q

what bones are considered irregular

A

vertebrae, mandible and facial bones

105
Q

what are atriculations

A

where two bones meet

106
Q

what is a facet

A

flat surface

107
Q

what is a protuberance

A

protruding

108
Q

what is a fovea

A

small pit

109
Q

what is a sulcus

A

groove

110
Q

what is a meatus

A

opening into canal

111
Q

what do tendons and ligament pass through to connect to bone

A

they pass through the periosteum into the layers of compact bone

112
Q

what do ligaments allow for

A

passive movement and support joint against compression and pulling pressures

113
Q

what are ligaments attached to

A

the periosteum

114
Q

what is stimulated to begin callus formation

A

osteoblasts and osteoclases

115
Q

when do capillaries begin to grow into fractured areas after injury

A

during the first 3-4 days

116
Q

what forms the granulation tissue

A

hematoma

117
Q

What is the first stage of bone healing

A

day 1-5
hematoma formation after disruption

118
Q

what is stage 2 of bone healing

A

day 5-11
fibrocartilaginous callus formation

119
Q

what is the third stage of bone healing

A

day 11-28
boney callus formation

120
Q

What is the final stage of bone healing

A

day 18+
remodeling

CABS - MSK (12 decks)

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