1000ft view skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the musculoskeletal inclusive of
A
bones, joints, and soft tissue
2
Q
what is the purpose of the MSK
A
supports, protects, gives form and assists with mobilization
3
Q
what do bones help with
A
mineral maintenance
4
Q
what gives rise to bone cells
A
mesenchymal stem cells
5
Q
what are the major cells in bone tissue
A
ostoeblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
6
Q
what resorb bone and assist with mineral homeostasis
A
osteoclasts
7
Q
what are basic bone cells and mechanoreceptors
A
osteocytes
8
Q
what creates new bone
A
osteoblasts
9
Q
what are osteoclasts
A
resorb bone, assist with mineral homeostasis
10
Q
what are osteocytes
A
basic bone cells, mechanoreceptors
11
Q
what are osteoblasts
A
create new bone
12
Q
what is the diaphysis
A
the shaft of the bone
13
Q
what is the epiphysial line
A
the growth plate
14
Q
What is the periosteium
A
the outermost covering that contains vasculature and nerves
15
Q
what contains osteoprogenitor cells
A
the periosteum
16
Q
what are developments of osteoblasts
A
osteoprogenitor cells
17
Q
what are the layers of the periosteum
A
external and internal
18
Q
what does the external layer of the periosteum contain
A
vasculature and nerves and is tougher
19
Q
what is the most sensitive area of the bone
A
the external layer of the periosteum
20
Q
what branches through the Volkmann canals
A
the nerves and vasculature of the external layer of the periosteum
21
Q
the nerves and vasulature are contained in what layer of the bone
A
the external layer of the periosteum
22
Q
what is within the internal layer of the periosteum
A
the osteoprogenitor cells
23
Q
where are the osteoprogenitor cells found
A
on the internal layer of the periosteum
24
Q
How is the internal periosteum attached to the bone
A
via Sharpey fibers
25
what are Sharpey fibers
fiber layer that attach the internal layer of the periosteum to the bone
26
what is found in the inner layer of the periosteum
osteoprogenitor cells
27
what is compact bone also known as
cortical bone
28
what makes up a majority of the skeleton
cortical/compact bone
29
how is compact bone described
organized and strong
30
what system is within the cortical bone
the haversian system
31
what is an osteon
function unit of the haversion system that run parallel to eachother
32
what is part of the haversion system that runs parallel to eachother
osteon
33
What is the central canal of the osteon
lamellae
34
What is the lamellae
central canal surrounded by layers of matrix
35
what is contained within the lamellae
arterial, venous blood supply, lymph vessels and nerves
36
what are the lucunae
spaces between the layers of the lamellae
37
where is arterial, venous blood supply, lymph vessels and nerves found
they are contained within the lamellae
38
what is the spaces between the layers of lamellae
lucunae
39
what is found within the lucunae
osteocytes that are bathed in fluid that allows for the transfer of nutrients/waste
40
where are the osteocytes found and what are they in
within the lucunae
and they are bathed in fluid that allows for the transfer of nutrient of waste/nutrients
41
what does the fluid within the lacunae allow for
transfer of nutrients/waste
42
what do the canaliculi contain
cytoplastmic process extensions from the osteocyte
43
what do the canaliculi allow for
nutrition exchange of the osteocyte
44
how is vasculature transversed
via the volkmann canal
45
what can cause the formation/degradation of the osteon
mechanical stressors
46
what do mechanical stresses cause
the formation/degradation of the osteon
47
what is another name for spongy bone
cancellous bone
48
what is spongy bone
layered, mesh-like formation of trabeculae
49
where is spongy bone located
encased within the endosteum
50
what is encased within the endosteum
spongy bone and bone marrow
51
what does cancellous bone assist with
metabolic demands of the bone
52
where is the endosteum found
it lines the inner aspect of the bone, covering the trabeculae structure
53
what lines the inner aspect of the bone and covers the trabecule structure
endosteum
54
what does the spongy bone contain
osteoblasts and precursor cells that helps to form more bone matrix
55
where are osteoblasts and precursor cells located
within the spongy bone
56
where is bone marrow located
found within the medullary canal within the spongy bone
57
what is red marrow responsible for
hematopoiesis
58
what is yellow marrow responsible for
storage of fat
59
what can fat within the yellow marrow do
be converted to red marrow in times of need and assist with hematopoiesis
60
what is responsible for hemotopoiesis
red marrow
61
what part in the bone stores fat
yellow marrow
62
what is the bone matrix
the extracellular element of the bone ( dense supportive structure)
63
what does the bone matrix consist of
35% osteoid
65% mineral component (calcium)
64
What is the ground substance
mature bone matrix
65
What compound creates the hard support of bone
crystallized calcium
66
what creates support/strength of bone
collagen fibers
67
what do proteoglycans do
they are proteins that transport the calcium and help organize the extracellular matrix
68
what do the bone morphogenic proteins do
assist with repair of the bone and supportive structures - there are several different types
69
what is secreted by osteoblasts
collagen
70
how is the bone matrix formed
form together in thin chains that arrange in staggered patten and they interlink and form collagen ropes, supported by minerals
71
what are condrocytes
the start of bone formation during fetal development
72
what does calcium phosphate form into to create
creates hydroxyapatite crystals
73
what is hydroxyapatite crystals formed from
calcium phosphate
74
Where are osteoblasts found
on the surface of the bone laying in a singular level
75
when are osteocalcin released
in response to changes in the PTH
76
what does the release of osteocalcin create
osteoid
77
what is transforming growth factor
remodeling
78
What stimulates the growth of bone
pressure
79
what makes up a vast majority of bone cells
osteocytes
80
what allows for communication and nutrient sharing
dendritic processes of osteocytes
81
what acts as mechanorectptors
the cilia on the osteocyte
82
what detects alterations in stressors
the cilia on the osteocyte
83
what regulates bone density and maintains the nutrient level
endocrine receptor - osteocyte
84
what do osteoclasts have
podosomes which allow them to attach to identified areas
85
what leaves "ruffled borders"
ostoclasts
86
what is released when calcitonin is stimulated
podosomes
87
what are the key hormones within bone
calcitonin
PTH
Vitamin D synergist of PTH
88
what does calcitonin do
lowers the Calcium blood levels
89
what lowers the calcium blood levels
calcitonin
90
what does the PTH do
increases calcium blood levels
91
what increases calcium blood levels
PTH
92
what does the axial skeleton consist of
central structures (skull, spine and thorax)
93
What is the appendicular skeleton
limbs (pelvis, upper and lower extremities)
94
how many bones do humans have on average
206 bones
95
what develops via endochondral ossification
long bones
96
what are the structures of a long bone
epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis
medullary cavity
97
how many layers does the metaphyses contain
5 layers
98
how does bone development begin
begins as hyaline cartilage cells near the epiphysis
99
what hormones control bone development/growth
testosteron, estrogen and growth hormones
100
what is appositional growth
thickening of the bone
101
what are flat bones
plates of compact bone running in parallel - small layer of spongy between
102
how do flat bones develop
via intramembranous ossification
103
what are cuboidal bones
short bones
primarily spongy bone, thin layer of compact bone
104
what bones are considered irregular
vertebrae, mandible and facial bones
105
what are atriculations
where two bones meet
106
what is a facet
flat surface
107
what is a protuberance
protruding
108
what is a fovea
small pit
109
what is a sulcus
groove
110
what is a meatus
opening into canal
111
what do tendons and ligament pass through to connect to bone
they pass through the periosteum into the layers of compact bone
112
what do ligaments allow for
passive movement and support joint against compression and pulling pressures
113
what are ligaments attached to
the periosteum
114
what is stimulated to begin callus formation
osteoblasts and osteoclases
115
when do capillaries begin to grow into fractured areas after injury
during the first 3-4 days
116
what forms the granulation tissue
hematoma
117
What is the first stage of bone healing
day 1-5
hematoma formation after disruption
118
what is stage 2 of bone healing
day 5-11
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
119
what is the third stage of bone healing
day 11-28
boney callus formation
120
What is the final stage of bone healing
day 18+
remodeling
