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Immunology 3 > #10 Respiratory viruses > Flashcards

#10 Respiratory viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission of respiratory viruses

A

Transmission→ Replication in URT→ Upper ans sometimes lower infections and diseases

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2
Q

Picornavirdae virus family:
genome:
env:
diseases

A

+RNA,
non enveloped
Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, enterovirus

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3
Q

Coronavirdae
genome
enveloped
diseases

A

+RNA
eneveloped
-Coronavirus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV

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4
Q

Coronavirus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV examples of

A

Coronavirdae

+ RNA, enveloped

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5
Q

Rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, echovirus, enterovirus examples of

A

Picornavirdae

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6
Q

Orthomyxovirdiae
genome
enveloped
viruses

A

-RNA
env
Influenza A, B, C virus

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7
Q

Influenza A, B, C virus are what family

A

orthomyxovirdae

-RNA env

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8
Q

Parmyxovirdae
genome
envelope
viruses

A

-RNA
env
Parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, metapneumovirus, Hendra and Nipavirus, measles virus

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9
Q

Parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, metapneumovirus, Hendra and Nipavirus, measles virus

A

all Parmyxovirdae virsuse

-RNA, env

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10
Q

INfluenza A, B and C family of viruses

A

Orthomyxovius

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11
Q

Genus of influenza A, B and C

A

(Thogotovirus)

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12
Q

Typing of influenza A, B C

A

Based on matrix and nuceloprotein antigens

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13
Q

Subtyping of influenza based on

A

Based on Hemagluttin and Neuramidase

H1N1 or H2N2

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14
Q

Influenza stucture:

A

envelope virus with matrix proteins that adds structure

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15
Q

: key for attachement and fusion to cellular membrane

A

Hemagluttinin

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16
Q

key for release of protein virions

A

Neuramidase:

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17
Q

Ribonuclear protein of influenza has____ individual segments of RNA. Complexed with proteins key in polymerase activity

A

8

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18
Q

Genome of influenza and affect on what it brings with it to host cells

A
  • RNA

- there is a (-) sense RNA thus virus has to carry a polymerase with it to begin replication

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19
Q

Drift: minor change in either

A

HA or NA or both

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20
Q

Drift: HA mutations are primarily found in the ______combining sites in the HA protein

A

4 antibody

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21
Q

*Drifts cause______ We’ll see same influenza subtype (H3N2 for example) with dif strains

A

EPIDEMICS!!!

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22
Q

Shift: major_____ shifts.

occur infrequently either

A

antigenic

in HA alone or NA as well.

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23
Q

Cause of genetic shift

A

D/t gene reassortment btwn human and animal strain

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24
Q

Shifts cause _______

A

*Pandemics

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25
Q

example of shift causing pandemic

A

H1N1 vs H2N2 or in 2009 the swine flu (H1N1) see avian and human coinfect a pig which has both α2,3 and α2,6 receptors

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26
Q

Pathogenesis of Influenza:

A
  • acute respiratory disease
    • infects ciliated epithelial cells lining URT, trachea and bronchi
    • Replication of virus responsible for destruction of respiratory epithelium
    • Cell damage d/t virus activated CTL
    • Viremia is NOT a mjor role in pathogenesis
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27
Q

Influenza causes
___________
infects ________ lining URT/trachea/bronchi

A

-acute respiratory disease

ciliated epithehlial cells

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28
Q

What is responsible for destruction of epithelium during influensa

A
  • Replication of virus responsible for destruction of respiratory epithelium
  • Cell damage d/t virus activated CTL
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29
Q

Role of viremia in influenza patho

A

Viremia is NOT a mjor role in pathogenesis

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30
Q

Common Pathogenesis if influenza

A

Aerosol inocculation of virus→ Replicates in repsiratory tract (causes antiB, Tcell response, Interferon induction)→ Desquamination of mucus→Influenza syndrome

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31
Q

Aerosol inocculation of virus→ Replicates in ________ (causes antiB, Tcell response, Interferon induction)→______ of mucus→Influenza syndrome

A

repsiratory tract

Desquamination

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32
Q

Influenza pathology:

Less frequent: Secondary bacterial infection

A

lead to pneumonai, primary viral pneumonia and CNS/mscl involvment

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33
Q

Host reponst to influenzaL
Antibody and T cell response:

T cell response and Interfuron induction:

A

provides for future protection

push for influenza syndrome

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34
Q

Pathogensis of influeza
Infterfeuron induction:
Patho change in respiratory:
Cell mediated:

A

Infterfeuron induction: 1 day
Patho change in respiratory:6 days
Cell mediated: day 4

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35
Q

Lab detection of influenza
Virus in respiratory secreations:
Rise in virus-antiB:

A

1 day

day 7

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36
Q

Clincal disease of influenza
Symptoms, influenza: 2 days
Incubation:

A

2 days before symtpoms

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37
Q

Acute influenza in adults

A

Rapid onset fever, malaise, myalgia, sore throat, nonproductive cough

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38
Q

Acute influenza kids

A

Acute disease sim to adults but higher fever, GI symptoms (pain and vomit) otitis media, myositis, more frequent croup

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39
Q

Complications of virus (influenza

A

Primary viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, myosistis and cardiac involvement
Neurologic syndromes: Guillain-Barre, Encephalopathy, Encephalitis, Reye Syndrome

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40
Q

Clincal signs/epidemiology and then Lab diagnostics for INfluenza:

  • rapid antiG capture—
  • rt-PCR tells us
A

detects nucleoprotein (NP) or both influenza A and B virus w/in 15 mins

what type we are dealing with

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41
Q

Overview on Replication

A
  1. Binds to sialic acid receptors–>Endocytosed and fuses with vesicle mmb and uncoated
    - ->Transcription/replication of genome occurs IN THE NUCLEUS (most RNA’s do this in cytosol)
    - ->Viral proteins synthesized and helical nucleocapsid segments form and assicate with M1 protein-lined membranes containing M2 and the HA and NA glycoproteins
    - ->Virus buds from plasma membrane with 8-11 nucleocapsid segs
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42
Q

influenza will bind to ______ to get endocytosed and fuses with vesical membrane to get uncoated

A

sialic acid

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43
Q

Transcription and replication of genome for influenza occur in_____

A

Nucleus (most RNAs don’t do this)

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44
Q

Viral proteins of influenza synthesized and helical nulceuocapsid segments form and associated with:

A

M1 proteins lined proteoins containing M2 as well as HA and NE

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45
Q

When influenza virus buds, has ____ nucleocapsid segments

A

8-11

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46
Q

Key on uncoating:
The _______will activate the M2 ion channel of virus to mediate fusion to virus can release contents and break down matrix protein and HA

A

drop in pH

47
Q

Influenza Virus Cell Receptor:

_____-_____: with NA mediating the fusion

A

Sialic acid—Galactose

48
Q

Avain vs human linkagers

A

~~~ 2,3 link is more avian, while 2,6 is our URT : pig is good for co-infection bc has both receptors

49
Q

vaccine info… confuses me on influenza
Formalin inactivated
attenuated infectious:
Experimental

A

Formalin inactivate: mix of prevalent antigenic types (both HA and NE)
Attenuated infectious viruse: intranasal admin
Experimental vaccines: DNA vaccines and revese genetics

50
Q

amantadine and rimantidine—
Ribavarin-
Zanamivir and Oseltamivir are

A

inhibit uncoating via blocking M2 protein
inhibits synthesis of viral RNA
NE inhibitors

51
Q

Cauuses common cold, over 150 serotypes

A

Rhinovirus

52
Q

Rhinvoris is a _______virus

A

picornavirus

53
Q

Sytptoms and cause of rhinovirus

A

headache, cold sore thoat, mucopurlent or runny nose

dt inflammation response: infect cells release BK and His

54
Q

infected cells with rhino release

A

BK and HIS = symptoms

55
Q

Rhion is temp sensitive, grwos best

A

at 33 over 37 (stays in the nose, URT)

56
Q

what is key to limit reinfection with rhinovirus

A

IgA

57
Q

Transmission of rhinovirus

A

respiratory secreations: ind–ind via fomites

58
Q

genome and env of rhinovirus

A

ssRNA (+)
Icosahedral
no env
(type of Picornavirus)

59
Q

Viral cycle of Rhinovirus

A

I-cam 1 Receptor and then bind, endocytosis, uncoat (conformational change injection structure), make single polyprotein which gets proteolytically processed, and RNA into capsid

60
Q

cause common cold→ 2nd most prevalent cause representing 10-15% of total
~watery eyes, sneeze, congestion, sore throat, fever, chills, headache, cough

A

Coronaviruses:

61
Q

Coronavirus is a
limited to:
optimal temp:
vaccine

A

picornavirus
URT, epitheial cells
33-35
no vaccine

62
Q

SARS or Severe Acute Respiratory sydrome is a:

A

Coronavirus

63
Q

Outcome of SARS

where do you get it

A

Fatality: 10% people with illness See 8500 cases worldwide, 300 in US
Source~ bats or animals sold in markets
not seens since 03

64
Q

HOw do we tx/control SARS

A

no vaccine or anti-viral, containment is key!

65
Q

First seen in 2012 and is different from SARS-CoV by genome sequencing

A

MERS-CoV

66
Q

how is MERS-CoV (middle east respiratory) dif then SARS

A

diff cellular R then SARS

67
Q

Origin/spread and tartget of MERS-CoV

A

Case originate in ME and serious cases tend to have underlying medical issues and we see that nonsocial infections documented… seen still birth documented and Currently see MERS-CoV have caused 400 cases to date→ and people IG have underlying issues

68
Q 
Morbillivirus (measles)
Paramyxovirus (Parainfluenza and mump)
Pnemovirus (RSV)
Hepinavirus (Hendra and Nipah) 
all in what family
A

Paramyxoviridae

69
Q

The F protein in the Paramyxovius family

A

Fusion protein virus entry

70
Q

The HN protein in the Paramyxovirus family

A

H is for Hemagglutinin viurs attacthment

the N is for neuramidase or virion release

71
Q

HN protein is not present in which Paramyxovirus

A

RSV

72
Q

NS1 and NS2 proteins in Paramyxovirus do what

A

nostructual proteins, modulate immune response, key inviv

73
Q

Paramyxovirus genenom

A

-ssRNA

74
Q

Replication of paramyxovirus:

see attachment and fusion (antiB work against the attachment and fusion) → RNA replicaion which is in:

A

stays in CYTOPLASM (doesn’t travel to nucleus) and get replication of RNA and then transcription of mRNA to protein virions

75
Q

Where does RNA replication occur for paramyxoviruses

A

CYTOPLASM

then transcription to mRNA—> to get protein virions

76
Q

What is human parainfluenza virus

A

Common cuase of acute URT and LRT infections in infants, young, elderyly and immunocompromised

77
Q

HPVI3 is simular to _____ bc its a common cause of Lower respiratory infections in first year of life and is more sersious

A

RSV

78
Q

HPVI seen later in life then 3 yrs and are common cause of Croup

A

HPIV1 and 2

79
Q

common cuase of LRI such as bronchitis in first yr life and more serious

A

Humanparainfluenza 3 or HPVI3 and RSV

80
Q

HPIV strain thast asympotomatic

A

HPIV4

81
Q

HPIV1 and 2

A

seen later, common cause of Croup

82
Q

______(cDNAs) for the HPIVs help identify and attenuate mutations and incrementally attenuate
HPIV to use as _______

A

Reverse genetics

intranasal vaccines.

83
Q

MOst common cause of fatal acute respiratory tract infection in infant and young

A

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

84
Q

By age ___ virually everyone infected with RSV and reinfections occur:

A

by 2

throughout life

85
Q

RSV
family
species
genome

A

Paramycovirdase
pneumovirus
-ssRNA

86
Q

RSV causes localized infection of______ and no viremia or system spread

A

respiratory tract

87
Q

RSV
-Pneumonia: resluts from _____spread of virus
-Bronchiolitis: most likely from:______
-

A

cytopathologic s

hosts immune respnose

88
Q

RSV: narrow airways of young easily obstructed by

A

virus-induced pathologic effects

89
Q

RSV:- infection
maternal antiBs
naturaul infection agains re-infection

A

don’t protect infant from infection

reinfection doesn’t protect from re-infection

90
Q

Respiratory synctial virus-

Pathogenesis: in bronchiolitis, ariway is obstructed from swelling of bronchiole wall and see _______

A

multi-nucleated Giant Cells.

91
Q

RSV typical giant cells are in the_____ trancytoplasmic inclusions

A

pink

92
Q

RSV
Th1: Common in______→ see INFγ and B cell activation leading to antiG presentation, cytolysis, antiviral cytokines and viral clearance dt/ cell mediated immunity

A

adults
Th1 path
cell mediated immunity

93
Q

Th2: often seen in ____: see IgG’s and E and IL-4 to causes _______ and IL-5 for eosinos (wheezing)
–more of a prostaglanding D2 and histamine response or move of a _____

A

infants
IgG/E and IL-4 to mast cell activaiton
histamine and inflammatory resposne

94
Q

RSV in chilren

A

Febrile rhinitis and pharnygitis

95
Q

children under 1 year

A

Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, both

Fever/cough and cyanosis

96
Q

Tx or prevention of RSV

healthy

A

tx is supportive, Oxygen, IV fluids and nebulized cold steam

97
Q

TX of RSV premies/immunocompromise

A

aerosolized rivavirin

98
Q

Tx or RSV in prematures

A

Passive immunization with anti-RSV + humanized monoclonal antiB against viral fusion protein

99
Q

VAccine status for RSV

A

No vaccine currently available: inactived have shown poor results w/ incrased disease severity upon naturla infection
Live attenuated→ no increase in disease severity w/ natural infection but poor long term productionq

100
Q

looks simular to RSV and first seen in 2001

Most severe in infants, elderly or immunoC or w/ pulmonary disease and COPD

A

hMPV: human Metapenumovirus:

101
Q

hMPV: human Metapenumovirus
genome
family
species

A

-ssRNA

pneumovirus of paramyxovirdae

102
Q

Second most common cause of LRI in young children after RSV

Recently seen that _______ accounts for 4.5% of hospitalization for acute RTI in adults over 50 during winter

A

hMPV

103
Q

By ___years of age all children are seropositive for hMPV

A

5

104
Q

Tx for hMPV

A

have IVIG which are humanized monoclonasl specific for hMPV fusion and potein MAB 333

105
Q

what do we do for serious hMPV infection

A

Ribivarin IV + IVIG

106
Q

Hendra and Nipha viurs are

A

Paramyovirdae

107
Q

Hendra and Nipha are dangerous because

A

high mortality rate–respiritary virus

from bats to people

108
Q

Specturm of disease for adenovirus

A

Spectrum disease
Respiratory (pharyngitis)
GI or conjuctivitis
Hemorrhagic cystisis

109
Q

in adenovirus ________ can lead to systemic infection –> viremia

A

Respiratory infection

110
Q

Adenovirus: Systemic infections seen in_________ pts

A

immunocompromised

111
Q

Respiratory can cause _________, persistant virus shedding or lymphoid infections

A

productive infection

112
Q

*The acute respiratory disease seen in

A

military recruites d/t barrack style living thus get vaccine for it

113
Q

Adenovirus spread:

A

Eye/URT → Upper respiratory→ Lower resp or GI → lymph nodes→ viremia→ to either skin or organs → latency or resolution

Immunology 3 (20 decks)

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