10- Respiratory system1

Question 1

3 basic steps in in respiration?

Answer 1

Ventilation (breathing)​
External (pulmonary) respiration​
Internal (tissue) respiration​

Question 2

what divides the upper and lower respiratory systems?

Answer 2

the larynx

voice box

Question 3

parts of the upper respiratory system?

Answer 3

Nose​
Nasal cavity​
Pharynx (throat), and associated structures

Question 4

parts of the lower respiratory system?

Answer 4

Larynx (voice box)​
Trachea (windpipe)​
Bronchi (airways)​
Lungs

Question 5

2 functional divisions of the respiratory system ?

Answer 5

1- conducting zone

2- respiratory zone

Question 6

functions and components of the conducting zone?

Answer 6

function; to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.​

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles​.

Question 7

functions and components of the respiratory zone?

Answer 7

the main site of gas exchange between air and blood.

tubes and tissues within the lungs, (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli)

Question 8

parts of the nose?

Answer 8

nasal cavity
duct openings (paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts)

Question 9

2 regions in the nose?

Answer 9

1- Superior olfactory region
smaller, olfactory function​

2- Inferior respiratory region
larger, respiratory function​, lined with the respiratory epithelium- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells

Question 10

functions of olfactory epithelium?

and paranasal sinuses?

Answer 10

olfactory epithelium : detecting olfactory stimuli

paranasal sinuses : modifying speech vibrations as they pass through chambers

Question 11

9 pieces of cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 11

Three single cartilages: thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage ​

Three paired cartilages: arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

Question 12

4 layers of the trachea (windpipe)?

Answer 12

Mucosa​
Submucosa​
Hyaline cartilage​
Adventitia​

Question 13

4 main parts of the bronchi?

Answer 13

Primary bronchi
Carina
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi

Question 14

how many lobes in the left and right lungs?

Answer 14

The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures– the oblique and horizontal fissure .​

The left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure– the oblique fissure​.

Question 15

what is the bronchopulmonary segment?

Answer 15

the segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies

composed of lobules which contain an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole

Question 16

4 parts of a lobule?

lobule=smallest part visible to the naked eye

Answer 16

1- Respiratory bronchioles
(from terminal bronchioles)

2- Alveolar ducts (2-11)

3- Alveoli (150 million/lung)
microscopic air sacs within lung

4- Alveolar sacs
(common opening of 2+ alveoli)

Question 17

4 cells in the alveoli?

Answer 17

1- Type I alveolar cells
(continuous lining of the alveolar wall and site for gas exchange; the most prevalent)

2- Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
(​between type I alveolar cells; secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant​.
Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, preventing the collapse of alveoli with each expiration​.)

3- Alveolar dust cells​
(wandering macrophages that remove debris)

4- ​Fibroblasts
(produce reticular and elastic fibers​)

Question 18

3 mechanisms of blood supply to lungs?

Answer 18

1- Arterial supply
2- Venous drainage
3- Ventilation-perfusion coupling (Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well-ventilated regions for more efficient gas exchange.)