1- Haematological System

Question 1

3 main functions of blood

Answer 1

Transportation​ - O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones​
Regulation​ - Helps to regulate pH through buffers​ and regulate body temperature
Protection - From disease and loss of blood​

Question 2

Blood consists of ..?

Answer 2

plasma (55%​) and formed elements (45%​)

Question 3

What are the principle solutes in blood?

Answer 3

Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances (enzymes and hormones) and waste products

Question 4

What does blood plasma consists of?

Answer 4

Water - over 90%
Plasma proteins - 7% (created in the liver and confined to the bloodstream)
Other substances - 2% (electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products)

Question 5

Name three blood plasma proteins

Answer 5

Albumin which maintains blood osmotic pressure.
Globulins (immunoglobulins) are the antibodies that bind to foreign substances called antigens.
Fibrinogen is used for clotting.

Question 6

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 6

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 7

Another name for a red blood cell?

Answer 7

Erythrocyte

Question 8

Another name for platelets?

Answer 8

Thrombocytes

Question 9

Name 3 granular leukocytes

Answer 9

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 10

Name the 4 agranular leukocytes

Answer 10

Monocytes and 3 types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells

Question 11

Blood cells are formed from which stem cell?

Answer 11

Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells

Question 12

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into which two stem cells?

Answer 12

Myeloid stem cells ​

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 13

What is haemopoiesis?

Answer 13

Haemopoiesis is the process of formed elements of blood/blood cell development

Question 14

Name 3 haemopoietic growth factors

Answer 14

Erythropoietin (EPO) - produced by the kidneys increase RBC precursors
Thrombopoietin (TPO) - hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
Cytokines - local hormones of bone marrow.

Question 15

What is haematocrit?

Answer 15

The proportion of blood that is made up of red blood cells

Question 16

What combines with Fe2+ present in the centre of haeme?

Answer 16

O2 =oxygen

Question 17

What combines with amino acids in the globin portion of haemoglobin (Hb)?

Answer 17

CO2 =carbon dioxide

Question 18

Where can iron be stored?

Answer 18

in the liver, muscle or spleen

Question 19

How is iron (Fe3+) transported in blood?

Answer 19

Iron is attached to transferrin protein.

Question 20

Red Blood Cell Production Process - name the 4 steps

Answer 20

1 - Proerythroblast starts to produce Hb.
2 - Reticulocyte is formed.
3 - Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow into the blood. (0.5% to 1.5% of RBC’s)
4 - In 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become a mature RBC.

Question 21

What do Neutrophils do?

they’re the fastest responding WBC

Answer 21

PHAGOCYTOSIS
Release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
Release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics and poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
Release strong oxidants that destroy bacteria

Question 22

The function of a Basophil is?

Answer 22

Inflammatory and allergy reactions

Develop into mast cells and release heparin, histamine, and serotonin

Question 23

The function of a Eosinophil is?

Answer 23

Release histaminase which slows down inflammation caused by basophils and they attack parasitic worms

Question 24

What do Monocytes do?

Answer 24

Monocytes migrate from the blood into the tissues, enlarge and differentiate into macrophages

Question 25

The functions of B cells (Lymphocytes) are?

Answer 25

Destroy bacteria and their toxins, and turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibody Mediated Immunity

Question 26

The functions of T cells (Lymphocytes) are?

Answer 26

Attack viruses, fungi, transplanted organs, cancer cells and some bacteria. Antibody Mediated Immunity

Question 27

The functions of Natural Killer ​cells (Lymphocytes) are?

Answer 27

Attack many different microbes and some tumour cells. Destroy foreign invaders by direct attack.

Question 28

What is Leukopenia?

Answer 28

A low white blood cell count and caused by radiation, shock or chemotherapy

Question 29

What is Leukocytosis?

Answer 29

A high white blood cell count and is caused by microbes, strenuous exercise, anesthesia or surgery.

Question 30

Differential White Blood Cell Count is..%?

Answer 30

Neutrophils 60 - 70%
Lymphocyte 20 - 25% 
Monocytes 3 - 8 % 
Eosinophil 2 - 4 % 
Basophil <1%

Question 31

What is in a Complete Blood Count?

Answer 31

Total RBC, WBC and platelet counts
Differential WBC
Haematocrit and haemoglobin measurements