1- Haematological System Flashcards
3 main functions of blood
Transportation - O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat and hormones
Regulation - Helps to regulate pH through buffers and regulate body temperature
Protection - From disease and loss of blood
Blood consists of ..?
plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
What are the principle solutes in blood?
Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances (enzymes and hormones) and waste products
What does blood plasma consists of?
Water - over 90%
Plasma proteins - 7% (created in the liver and confined to the bloodstream)
Other substances - 2% (electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products)
Name three blood plasma proteins
Albumin which maintains blood osmotic pressure.
Globulins (immunoglobulins) are the antibodies that bind to foreign substances called antigens.
Fibrinogen is used for clotting.
What are the formed elements in blood?
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Another name for a red blood cell?
Erythrocyte
Another name for platelets?
Thrombocytes
Name 3 granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Name the 4 agranular leukocytes
Monocytes and 3 types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer cells
Blood cells are formed from which stem cell?
Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into which two stem cells?
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
What is haemopoiesis?
Haemopoiesis is the process of formed elements of blood/blood cell development
Name 3 haemopoietic growth factors
Erythropoietin (EPO) - produced by the kidneys increase RBC precursors
Thrombopoietin (TPO) - hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation
Cytokines - local hormones of bone marrow.
What is haematocrit?
The proportion of blood that is made up of red blood cells
What combines with Fe2+ present in the centre of haeme?
O2 =oxygen
What combines with amino acids in the globin portion of haemoglobin (Hb)?
CO2 =carbon dioxide
Where can iron be stored?
in the liver, muscle or spleen
How is iron (Fe3+) transported in blood?
Iron is attached to transferrin protein.
Red Blood Cell Production Process - name the 4 steps
1 - Proerythroblast starts to produce Hb.
2 - Reticulocyte is formed.
3 - Reticulocytes leave the bone marrow into the blood. (0.5% to 1.5% of RBC’s)
4 - In 1-2 days, they eject the remaining organelles to become a mature RBC.
What do Neutrophils do?
they’re the fastest responding WBC
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Release lysozymes which destroy/digest bacteria
Release defensin proteins that act like antibiotics and poke holes in bacterial cell walls destroying them
Release strong oxidants that destroy bacteria
The function of a Basophil is?
Inflammatory and allergy reactions
Develop into mast cells and release heparin, histamine, and serotonin
The function of a Eosinophil is?
Release histaminase which slows down inflammation caused by basophils and they attack parasitic worms
What do Monocytes do?
Monocytes migrate from the blood into the tissues, enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
