10. Gender differences in C&D Flashcards

1
Q

What is The Chivalry thesis?

A

An underestimation of female crime

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1
Q

The Chivalry Thesis - Evidence for

A

-Women are consistently treated more leniently by the law
-Female first offenders are half as likely to be given an immediate imprisonment as males
-Women more likely to receive community service sentences than imprisonment
-Female offenders usually regarded as less serious than men

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2
Q

Chivalry Thesis - Evidence against

A

-Women actually being sentenced more harshly for lesser crimes
-Women who violate socially acceptable patterns of behaviour risk harsher punishment than men
-Men more violent than women but get harsher sentences for similar levels of violence

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2
Q

Chivalry Thesis - evidence against: What are female offenders subject to?

A

-Subject to double jeopardy - on trial for crime and how much they conform or deviate from stereotypes of femininity.
-‘Evil women theory’ women who are seen as sexually promiscuous neglectful mothers or as violent are perceived in a far worse term than men

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3
Q

Conclusions of the Chivalry thesis

A

-Not much evidence to support chivalry thesis
-Women receive less harsh sentences because they commit less serious offences
-Women are expected to be good so punished when they are not.

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4
Q

Sex-role theory: How are girls socialised differently to boys?

A

-Good female role model in mother emphasising care & nurture
-Boys seek male role models and join subcultures if dad is absent
-Female criminals have experienced less mothering showing how important mothers are

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5
Q

Sex-role theory: Why do some female criminals steal and why do they turn to crime?

A

-Steal to provide for children indicating sex- role theory
-Blame lack of money, no job, drinking & drugs as the reasons they turn to crime

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6
Q

Class & Gender Deals: What does Carlen argue about control theory?

A

-Social class and gender are deeply connected in female crime.
-Female criminals are most likely WC and have less control or reason to conform than MC females
-These females: little success in society, drug & alcohol addictions, experienced poverty etc

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7
Q

Class & Gender deals: What do females that conform have?

A

Tighter controls and are subject to class and gender deals

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8
Q

What are Class and Gender deals?

A

-Class = material rewards that arise from working in paid employment
-Gender = rewards that arise from fulfilling roles in the family

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9
Q

AO3 for Class & Gender deal theory

A

-Female criminals are notoriously from difficult and poor backgrounds
-Applies not only to women but men too
-Very small study

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10
Q

Control Theory - Social Control

A

-Females are more controlled than males through socialisation and cultural expectations. 3 key areas society controls females: At home, work and in public.

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11
Q

Control Theory: What are the 3 key areas where patriarchal society controls women freedom?

A
  1. At home: lack of time through childcare and housework keeps women at home, restricting opportunity for crime
  2. In public: fear of being attacked and after dark means women don’t go out as much
  3. At work: workplaces dominated by men stopping female employees exerting their own interests or ideas.
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12
Q

Masculinity thesis

A

-Number of different forms of masculinity that change over time
-Normative masculinity: the ideal man which many men find hard to live up to with traits such as being in charge, toughness & strength
-Males have to work hard to portray themselves as masculine as its seen as an accomplishment

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13
Q

Masculinity thesis: What are the 2 different types of men prone to crime?

A

-Some have power, status & control at work expressing their masculinity over others
-Some powerless at work so express masculinity at home through control & violence
-Both types of men prone to crime

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14
Q

Masculinity thesis: What is Messerchmidt’s normative masculinity?

A

The ideal man which many find hard to live up too. Traits such as: toughness, strength, in charge

15
Q

Masculinity thesis: What is central in explaining why men commit more crime than women?

A

The competitive nature of masculinity and need for control are central in explaining why men commit more crime.

16
Q

What has created a crisis of masculinity?

A

Decline in manual labour has created a crisis of masculinity

17
Q

What does Katz recognise the need for?

A

Status, success and control, pointing to the thrill and excitement that is gained from criminal activity

18
Q

Changing gender roles: Liberation Thesis

A

-Growing female crime may be due to changing gender roles
-Women have more freedom and becoming more successful than men in education & the labour market
-Controls over women are weakening

19
Q

Changing gender roles: What is a ‘Ladette’ Culture?

A

Now much more of a masculinised ‘ladette’ culture where young women adopt behaviours associated with young men eg drinking, gang culture, risk taking

20
Q

Changing gender roles: ‘Ladette’ Culture: Why is there an increase in female violence?

A

-Increase in female violence due to changes in labelling and criminalisation of girls
-CJS now reacting more seriously
-Main ofenses women commit: drug ofenses, criminal damage, shoplifting
-Still tends to be less serious than crimes committed by men.