10 Bio Unit Test

Question 1

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 1

• “Life could arise from non-living matter”
• Widely accepted from the time of the Roman Empire through to the 19th century

Question 2

Cell Theory Staes

Answer 2

1. All living things are made up one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells
2. All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life
3. All cells are produced from preexisting cells through the process of cell division

Question 3

Organelle

Answer 3

Specialized structures within a cell that carry out specific functions

Question 4

Animal Cell

Answer 4

• Cell Membrane:
  
  • Selectively permeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its exterior environment
• Cytoplasm:
  
  • Thick liquid (aqueous solution) that fills the cell and holds the organelles in place
• Nucleus:
  
  • Membrane-bound organelles that contain the cells’ genetic material (DNA)
• Mitochondrion (Plural mitochondria):
  
  • Organelle where cellular respiration takes place (Provides energy for the cell)
• Ribosome:
  
  • Organelle where genetic instructions are translated into amino acids (Manufactured protein)
• Lysosome:
  
  • Enzyme-filled organelles that serve to break down waste materials inside the cell (Garbage Men)
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  
  • Folded, tube-like organelle covered in ribosomes
  • Synthesizes and transports protein
• Golgi Apparatus:
  
  • Processes and packages macromolecules for secretion outside of the cell
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
  
  • Folded tube-like organelle (NOT covered in ribosomes)
  • Synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids
• Centrioles:
  
  • Cell division, a special arrangement of the cell
    
    • Only in Animal Cell

Question 5

Plant Cell

Answer 5

• Has the same essential composition as an animal cell, with a few distinct differences
  
  • Like the nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cytoplasm,
• Cell Wall:
  
  • In addition to a cell membrane, plants cell are surrounded by a cell wall
  • Provides rigidity and strength to the cell and protects against mechanical stresses (E.g. Smushing)
• Chloroplasts:
  
  • Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.
  • In addition to plants, certain protists (algae) possess chloroplasts
• Vacuole:
  
  • The enclosed compartment is used for storage
  • All plants & fungi cells contain vacuoles, some animals, protists & bacterial cells do

Question 6

Cell Membrane

Answer 6

• Selectively permeable (allows some substance into the cell while preventing others from entering)
• Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

Question 7

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 7

• Composed of a phosphate group & diglycerides (double lipid tail)
• Phosphate is polar & thus water-soluble (hydrophilic)
• Diglyceride is non-polar & thus water-insoluble (hydrophobic)
• The hydrophilic end positions itself towards the outside & inside of the cell
• The hydrophobic lipid tails face inwards, creating the interior of the cell membrane
• Cell membrane referred to as the fluid-mosaic model, with proteins (that enable the transport of molecules) embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Question 8

Solute

Answer 8

A substance that is dissolved (Sugar, salts, proteins, etc)

Question 9

Solvent

Answer 9

A substance that does the dissolving (Ex. Water)

Question 10

Particle Model of Matter

Answer 10

1. All matter is made up of particles
2. Particles in matter are constantly moving, Particles move least in solids & most in gases. Adding/taking away energy will affect the movement of the particles.
3. The particles of matter are attracted to one another or are bonded together.
4. Particles have spaces between them that are smallest in solids (EXCEPT ice) & largest in gases

Question 11

Diffusion

Answer 11

• The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration due to kinetic energy & random motion
• Particles will move along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved.

Question 12

Hypertonic

Answer 12

A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than another solution

Question 13

Isotonic

Answer 13

• A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution.

Question 14

Hypotonic

Answer 14

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Question 15

Osmosis

Answer 15

• Refers to the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
• It occurs when a solute cannot pass through a cell membrane, BUT water can
• Water always moves from hypotonic —> to hypertonic

Question 16

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 16

• Substances move from an area of high concentration (hypertonic) outside of the cell to an area of low concentration (hypotonic) inside the cell
• Substances move through proteins (channel & carrier proteins) that help facilitate larger molecules to cross the membrane
• Still moving along the concentration gradient
  
  • High concentration —> to Low Concentration
    
    • Ex. Polar molecules & ions that cannot pass through the non-polar membrane interior

Question 17

Active Transport

Answer 17

• Substances move from an area of low concentration (hypotonic) outside of the cell to an area of higher concentration (hypertonic) inside the cell
• The particles are moving against the concentration against
  
  • Low Concentration —> to High Concentration
• Because substances are being moved against their concentration gradient, energy is required to do this
• The energy comes from a substance called ATP
  
  • Ex. Glucose into intestinal cells, certain ions

Question 18

Endocytosis

Answer 18

• When a molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, a cell can use structures called vesicles
• Endocytosis: Vesicles are formed around a particle, taking the particle into the cell

Question 19

Exocytosis

Answer 19

• When a molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, a cell can use structures called vesicles
• Exocytosis: Vesicles are pushed to the cell membrane, rupturing the vesicles and releasing contents to the outside

Question 20

Meristems

Answer 20

• Produce root & shoot tissue
  
  • Particularly high rate of mitosis (Cell division)
  • Site of “growth”

Question 21

Dermal Tissue (Epidermis)

Answer 21

• The outer layer of cells
• The outermost cell layer of a plant
• Includes waxy cuticle
  
  • Prevents water loss

Question 22

Ground Tissue

Answer 22

• Layer beneath dermal tissue
• Strength & support, stores water, nutrients

Question 23

Vascular Tissue

Answer 23

-Transport of Materials
-There are 2 Types:
-Xylem
-Phloem

Question 24

Xylem

Answer 24

• Moves water & dissolves in nutrients from the roots up to the stem & the leaves where these substances may be used in photosynthesis

Question 25

Phloem

Answer 25

• Transport sugars from the leaves (produced by photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant
• Sieve Tube Cells:
  
  • Forms the phloem—long continuous tubes with tiny holes in them, through which cytoplasm extends
• Companion Cells:
  
  • Connected to see tube cells, direct their activities
• Some of the sugars transported through the phloem get stored as starch in:
  
  • Roots: Carrots, sweet potatoes
  • Stems: Ginger, potatoes
  • Leaves: Green onion, Rhubarb

Question 26

Upper Epidermis

Answer 26

• One cell layer thick
• Transparent, allowing light to pass through
• Few or no chloroplasts
• The upper surface is covered by waxy, waterproof cuticle

Question 27

Palisade Layer

Answer 27

• Beneath the upper epidermis
• Cylindrical cells with many chloroplasts
• Carry out most of the Photosynthesis for the leaf

Question 28

Spongy Layer

Answer 28

• Beneath Palisade Layer
  
  • Contain a few chloroplasts (some photosynthesize)
  • Primarily used for storage of sugars & amino acids from the palisade layer

Question 29

Mesopyll

Answer 29

• Specialized ground tissue inside a leaf that’s comprised of the palisade tissue & the spongy layer together
  
  • (”Meso-” means “middle”)

Question 30

Lower Epidermis

Answer 30

• Similar in composition to the upper epidermis (has cuticle)
• Contains several tiny spores called stomata
  
  • Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and allow oxygen to leave
• Each stomata (singular) is flanked by two sausages-shaped guard cells

Question 31

Roots

Answer 31

• Absorb water & minerals from the soil

Question 32

Root Hairs

Answer 32

• Tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption

Question 33

Cuticle

Answer 33

• Waxy, non-cellular, waterproof coating that covers a plant’s leaves and stems

Question 34

Stomata

Answer 34

• Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf

Question 35

Guard Cells

Answer 35

Specialized epidemic cells that swell & contract to control gas exchange through a stoma in a leaf

Question 36

Photosynthesis

Answer 36

• “Photo” = light; “Synthesis” = Putting together
• Carbon dioxide from air and water from the soil, in the presence of light produces glucose & oxygen gas
• Water & carbon dioxide produce glucose & oxygen

Question 37

Cellular Respiration

Answer 37

• All cells, including plant cells, must undergo cellular respiration
• Cellular respiration provides the energy to fuel the activities of a cell
• Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria
  
  • Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 38

Cohesion

Answer 38

• The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

Question 39

Adhesion

Answer 39

• The attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances

Question 40

Root Pressure

Answer 40

• Ions are actively transported into root cells
• Water then follows the ions into the root (the hypertonic environment)
• Creates a pressure forcing water up the xylem

Question 41

Transpiration (Tension)

Answer 41

As plants transpire (water leaving the plant through stomata and lenticels)
A tension/ pull is created, helping draw water up

Question 42

Tonicity

Answer 42

• The measurement of the osmotic pressure of a cell relative to its environment- Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

Question 43

Plasmolysis

Answer 43

• Process in which cells lose water to a hypertonic environment
  
  • When this happens to plant cells, cell membranes pull away from the cell wall, causing plants to go limp
  • If water is provided, vacuoles will re-swell, and plants will become turgid (swollen)

Question 44

Lenticels

Answer 44

• Blisters in the stems of plants, called lenticels, also allow for gas exchange
• These function similarly to stomata

Question 45

Phototropism

Question 46

Gravitropism