10 Bio Unit Test Flashcards
1
Q
Spontaneous Generation
A
- “Life could arise from non-living matter”
- Widely accepted from the time of the Roman Empire through to the 19th century
2
Q
Cell Theory Staes
A
- All living things are made up one or more cells and the materials produced by these cells
- All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life
- All cells are produced from preexisting cells through the process of cell division
3
Q
Organelle
A
Specialized structures within a cell that carry out specific functions
4
Q
Animal Cell
A
-
Cell Membrane:
- Selectively permeable membrane that separates the inside of a cell from its exterior environment
-
Cytoplasm:
- Thick liquid (aqueous solution) that fills the cell and holds the organelles in place
-
Nucleus:
- Membrane-bound organelles that contain the cells’ genetic material (DNA)
-
Mitochondrion (Plural mitochondria):
- Organelle where cellular respiration takes place (Provides energy for the cell)
-
Ribosome:
- Organelle where genetic instructions are translated into amino acids (Manufactured protein)
-
Lysosome:
- Enzyme-filled organelles that serve to break down waste materials inside the cell (Garbage Men)
-
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Folded, tube-like organelle covered in ribosomes
- Synthesizes and transports protein
-
Golgi Apparatus:
- Processes and packages macromolecules for secretion outside of the cell
-
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:
- Folded tube-like organelle (NOT covered in ribosomes)
- Synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids
-
Centrioles:
- Cell division, a special arrangement of the cell
- Only in Animal Cell
- Cell division, a special arrangement of the cell
5
Q
Plant Cell
A
- Has the same essential composition as an animal cell, with a few distinct differences
- Like the nucleus, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cytoplasm,
-
Cell Wall:
- In addition to a cell membrane, plants cell are surrounded by a cell wall
- Provides rigidity and strength to the cell and protects against mechanical stresses (E.g. Smushing)
-
Chloroplasts:
- Organelles where photosynthesis takes place.
- In addition to plants, certain protists (algae) possess chloroplasts
-
Vacuole:
- The enclosed compartment is used for storage
- All plants & fungi cells contain vacuoles, some animals, protists & bacterial cells do
6
Q
Cell Membrane
A
- Selectively permeable (allows some substance into the cell while preventing others from entering)
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
7
Q
Phospholipid Bilayer
A
- Composed of a phosphate group & diglycerides (double lipid tail)
- Phosphate is polar & thus water-soluble (hydrophilic)
- Diglyceride is non-polar & thus water-insoluble (hydrophobic)
- The hydrophilic end positions itself towards the outside & inside of the cell
- The hydrophobic lipid tails face inwards, creating the interior of the cell membrane
- Cell membrane referred to as the fluid-mosaic model, with proteins (that enable the transport of molecules) embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
8
Q
Solute
A
A substance that is dissolved (Sugar, salts, proteins, etc)
9
Q
Solvent
A
A substance that does the dissolving (Ex. Water)
10
Q
Particle Model of Matter
A
- All matter is made up of particles
- Particles in matter are constantly moving, Particles move least in solids & most in gases. Adding/taking away energy will affect the movement of the particles.
- The particles of matter are attracted to one another or are bonded together.
- Particles have spaces between them that are smallest in solids (EXCEPT ice) & largest in gases
11
Q
Diffusion
A
- The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration due to kinetic energy & random motion
- Particles will move along a concentration gradient until equilibrium is achieved.
12
Q
Hypertonic
A
A solution that has a higher concentration of solute than another solution
13
Q
Isotonic
A
- A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution.
14
Q
Hypotonic
A
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute than another solution
15
Q
Osmosis
A
- Refers to the diffusion of water across a cell membrane
- It occurs when a solute cannot pass through a cell membrane, BUT water can
- Water always moves from hypotonic —> to hypertonic
16
Q
Facilitated Diffusion
A
- Substances move from an area of high concentration (hypertonic) outside of the cell to an area of low concentration (hypotonic) inside the cell
- Substances move through proteins (channel & carrier proteins) that help facilitate larger molecules to cross the membrane
- Still moving along the concentration gradient
- High concentration —> to Low Concentration
- Ex. Polar molecules & ions that cannot pass through the non-polar membrane interior
- High concentration —> to Low Concentration
17
Q
Active Transport
A
- Substances move from an area of low concentration (hypotonic) outside of the cell to an area of higher concentration (hypertonic) inside the cell
- The particles are moving against the concentration against
- Low Concentration —> to High Concentration
- Because substances are being moved against their concentration gradient, energy is required to do this
- The energy comes from a substance called ATP
- Ex. Glucose into intestinal cells, certain ions
18
Q
Endocytosis
A
- When a molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, a cell can use structures called vesicles
- Endocytosis: Vesicles are formed around a particle, taking the particle into the cell
19
Q
Exocytosis
A
- When a molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, a cell can use structures called vesicles
- Exocytosis: Vesicles are pushed to the cell membrane, rupturing the vesicles and releasing contents to the outside
20
Q
Meristems
A
- Produce root & shoot tissue
- Particularly high rate of mitosis (Cell division)
- Site of “growth”
21
Q
Dermal Tissue (Epidermis)
A
- The outer layer of cells
- The outermost cell layer of a plant
- Includes waxy cuticle
- Prevents water loss
22
Q
Ground Tissue
A
- Layer beneath dermal tissue
- Strength & support, stores water, nutrients
23
Q
Vascular Tissue
A
-Transport of Materials
-There are 2 Types:
-Xylem
-Phloem
24
Q
Xylem
A
- Moves water & dissolves in nutrients from the roots up to the stem & the leaves where these substances may be used in photosynthesis
25
Q
Phloem
A
- Transport sugars from the leaves (produced by photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant
-
Sieve Tube Cells:
- Forms the phloem—long continuous tubes with tiny holes in them, through which cytoplasm extends
-
Companion Cells:
- Connected to see tube cells, direct their activities
- Some of the sugars transported through the phloem get stored as starch in:
- Roots: Carrots, sweet potatoes
- Stems: Ginger, potatoes
- Leaves: Green onion, Rhubarb
26
Q
Upper Epidermis
A
- One cell layer thick
- Transparent, allowing light to pass through
- Few or no chloroplasts
- The upper surface is covered by waxy, waterproof cuticle
27
Q
Palisade Layer
A
- Beneath the upper epidermis
- Cylindrical cells with many chloroplasts
- Carry out most of the Photosynthesis for the leaf
28
Q
Spongy Layer
A
- Beneath Palisade Layer
- Contain a few chloroplasts (some photosynthesize)
- Primarily used for storage of sugars & amino acids from the palisade layer
29
Q
Mesopyll
A
- Specialized ground tissue inside a leaf that’s comprised of the palisade tissue & the spongy layer together
- (”Meso-” means “middle”)
30
Q
Lower Epidermis
A
- Similar in composition to the upper epidermis (has cuticle)
- Contains several tiny spores called stomata
- Stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and allow oxygen to leave
- Each stomata (singular) is flanked by two sausages-shaped guard cells
31
Q
Roots
A
- Absorb water & minerals from the soil
32
Q
Root Hairs
A
- Tiny projections that increase surface area for absorption
33
Q
Cuticle
A
- Waxy, non-cellular, waterproof coating that covers a plant’s leaves and stems
34
Q
Stomata
A
- Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf
35
Q
Guard Cells
A
Specialized epidemic cells that swell & contract to control gas exchange through a stoma in a leaf
36
Q
Photosynthesis
A
- “Photo” = light; “Synthesis” = Putting together
- Carbon dioxide from air and water from the soil, in the presence of light produces glucose & oxygen gas
- Water & carbon dioxide produce glucose & oxygen
37
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
- All cells, including plant cells, must undergo cellular respiration
- Cellular respiration provides the energy to fuel the activities of a cell
- Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria
- Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water
38
Q
Cohesion
A
- The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
39
Q
Adhesion
A
- The attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances
40
Q
Root Pressure
A
- Ions are actively transported into root cells
- Water then follows the ions into the root (the hypertonic environment)
- Creates a pressure forcing water up the xylem
41
Q
Transpiration (Tension)
A
As plants transpire (water leaving the plant through stomata and lenticels)
A tension/ pull is created, helping draw water up
42
Q
Tonicity
A
- The measurement of the osmotic pressure of a cell relative to its environment- Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic
43
Q
Plasmolysis
A
- Process in which cells lose water to a hypertonic environment
- When this happens to plant cells, cell membranes pull away from the cell wall, causing plants to go limp
- If water is provided, vacuoles will re-swell, and plants will become turgid (swollen)
44
Q
Lenticels
A
- Blisters in the stems of plants, called lenticels, also allow for gas exchange
- These function similarly to stomata
45
Q
Phototropism
A
46
Q
Gravitropism
A
46
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46
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47
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47
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48
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