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Microbiology > 10. Bacterial cell division and differentiation (endospores) > Flashcards

10. Bacterial cell division and differentiation (endospores) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s divisome made out pf

A

Proteins that allow cell division

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2
Q

What’s step by step bacterial cell cycle

A
  1. Initiation of DNA replication
  2. Bi-directional replication
  3. ParA/ParB-mediated bi-polar attachement
    4.Decatenation
  4. Septation
  5. Origin detachement
  6. Cell division
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3
Q

Summerize what happens during bacterial cell cycle

A

As cell readies for genome application, oriC migrates to the poles of the cell and the replisome assembles. Cell elongates as chromosome replication and partitioning continues. Chromosome seperate as septation continues. Daughter cells divide

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4
Q

What processes in bacterial cell cycle happen concurrently

A

Chromosome replication and partitioning and overlap septation

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5
Q

Where is replication machinery located

A

Where cell division occurs

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6
Q

Where are Ori and Ter initially and where are they after

A

Initially, at midcell and then at the opposite parts of the cell

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7
Q

what proteins are involved in the formation of the septum

A

FtsZ
Fts(Filamentous thermosensitive proteins)

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8
Q

What are steps of septum formation

A
  1. Selection of the site
  2. Assembly of the Z ring, composed by FtsZ
  3. Assembly of the cell wall-synthesizing machinery
  4. Construction of the cell and septum formation
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9
Q

What’s FtsZ

A

FtsZ- GTP-binding protein that introduces a curve into the structure after hydrolysis of GTP and forms a ring at the site where the division septum will form. It’s essential and found also in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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10
Q

What allows septum formation

A

Treadmilling process of FtsZ

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11
Q

What is another role of FtsZ except formation of Z ring

A

Recruiting other proteins at the site of formation of the septum

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12
Q

What is the role of other Fts proteins

A

-support the formation of the Z-ring and stabilize it
-recruit and stabilize replisome at division site
-unlock replicated DNA from the division site and separate it into the two daughter cells
-direct the membrane and cell wall imagination

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13
Q

What proteins determine site for the formation of the septum for the cell division

A

Min(Minicell):
minCD and minE

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14
Q

What happens when minCD mutates

A

In mutants of minCD operon, the septum is formed in an asymmetric position. The resultant minicells are achromosomal

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15
Q

What does minCD do in wild type cells

A

MinCD protein localizes at the cell poles and inhibits the septum formation at these sites. Z-ring formation can occur only at midcell

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16
Q

How does MinCD moves

A

It moves from one pole to the other. Oscillation takes about 10sec and this time allows the formation of a gradient of MinCD with minimal concentration in the middle of the cell

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17
Q

What assists MinCD movement

A

MinE. It forms a ring the displaces MinCD from the central part

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18
Q

What is the result of combined action of MinCD and minE

A

Determination of formation of septum only in the central position

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19
Q

What is MinD

A

MinD-transmembrane protein and has ATPase activity

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20
Q

What is needed for MinC activation

A

ATP hydrolysis

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21
Q

What does MinCD-ATP complex do

A

It determines the inhibition of the formation of the ring by FtsZ

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22
Q

When does FtsZ ring occur

A

Only after the daughter chromosomes have separated

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23
Q

In what positions does MinCD inhibit septum formation

A

1/4 and 3/4

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24
Q

What does MinE favor

A

Formation of the Z-ring at midcell and it has inhibitory effect on MinCD

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25
Q

How is septum formed

A

By cell growth with synthesis of new cytoplasmic membrane and wall

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26
Q

What are mesosomes

A

membrane invaginations(being turned inside out) as anchor points for the chromosome

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27
Q

What is the function of mesosome

A

-Assistance during the replication of nucleoid material
-Involvement in the formation of the septum during the cell division into 2 daughter cells

28
Q

What determines movement of origin of replication towards opposite cell poles

A

FtsZ, MreB and crescentin

29
Q

What is cytoskeleton made out of in eukaryotic cell

A

Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

30
Q

What are MreB, FtsZ and crescentin functional homologs of

A

MreB of actin, FtsZ of tubulin and crescentin has structural domain similar to intermediate filaments

31
Q

Where can FtsZ, MreB and crescentin be found

A

FtsZ in all bacteria, MreB in non-spherical bacteria and crescentin in bacteria with curved homology

32
Q

What happens in E.Coli if there is no production of MreB or FtsZ

A

No MreB- loses cell morphology and become spherical
No FtsZ- do not form division septum and acquire rod-shaped morphology

33
Q

What happens to Caulobacter mutants that don’t produce crescentin

A

They acquire normal rod-shaped morphology, Asymmetric cell wall gives rise to the inner curvature

34
Q

What happens in division of spherical shaped bacteria

A

New synthesis is localized at the single site. When cells divide, they have one old and one new hemisphere, seperated by crests

35
Q

Where does synthesis of cell wall at Gram + bacteria happen

A

At the Z-ring

36
Q

Where is cell wall synthesized at rod-shaped cells

A

MreB wraps around rod-shaped cell like a spring connecting different sites of the cell membrane. These sites are the same sites where cell wall is synthesized, not at the poles.

37
Q

Where does DNA replication happen in bacteria and where in eukaryotes

A

bacteria: through entire cell; eukaryotes: only a part

38
Q

What happens when we stop DNA synthesis

A

We stop cell division

39
Q

How do we ensure that each daughter cell receives the same portion of genetic material

A

By coordinating replication and division

40
Q

When are more than 1 replication forks present during chromosome replication

A

When cell has a doubling time<60 minutes

41
Q

What is specific about bacteria with slow growth rate

A

There is only one points of replication of the chromosome. The replication takes only a portion of the cell cycle and there are intervals during the synthesis of DNA

42
Q

What’s differentiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes: specialization processes pf the cells
Prokaryotes: strucutural changes that can be observed in the single cell

43
Q

What are some structural changes in bacterial cell

A

-formation of the divisome
-differentiation and de-differentiation of appendices
-activation of chemotactic system and motility
-acquisition of competence( to transformation)
-sporulation process

44
Q

What are mechanisms that regulate differentiation

A
  1. cell polarity
  2. distribution of regulatory proteins in particular cell compartments
45
Q

What is specific about sporulation of Bacillus subtilis

A

During sporulation, cell forms endospore at one pole of the mother cell , while the other half of the cell is destined to death

46
Q

What important about differentiation of Caulobacter crescentus

A

cell division generates two different types of specialized bacteria. Each of them develops, alternatively, specialized organelles

47
Q

Can cell poles be different from each other

A

Yes and they can also have different properties compared to other regions in the cell

48
Q

What are endospores

A

Under particular environmental conditions (conditions that can ensure only suboptimal nutrition factors concentrations) sporigenic bacteria undergo progressive morphologic and structural changes that lead to the generation of the spores.

49
Q

What bacteria are sporogenic

A

Only few Gram + bacteria: Clostridium, Steptomyces, Bacillus

50
Q

What are some diseases that spores can cause

A

Tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene

51
Q

What does sporulation lead to

A

Sporulation(sporogenesis) within vegetative cell leads to the generation of endospore, which is characterized by different properties in terms of both composition and function

52
Q

When does sporulation start

A

In late exponential/early stationary phase and requires 6-8 hours

53
Q

How do we stain endospores

A

With malachite green and after washing with water counterstaining with safranin(endospores are green)

54
Q

Where can endospores be located

A

-central spore
-subterminal spore
-terminal spore
- terminal spore but when diameter of the spore is higher than that of the mother cell

55
Q

What does endospore contain

A

Complete copy of the chromosome, minimal concentrations of essential proteins and ribosomes, high concentration of calcium complexed to dipicolinic acid, which is essential for thermic resistance by acting on stabilization of the sporal proteins

56
Q

What is the the structure of endospore

A

1)Core
2)Cortex
3)Coat
4)Exosporium

57
Q

What is the core of endospore

A

Core- DNA, ribosomes and enzymes, calcium dipocolinate. There in no mRNA. DNA is complexed to proteins with low molecular weight proteins(SASP=small acid soluble proteins) that make it resistant to UV light. All is then enclosed by the inner membrane and wall residues(germ wall)

58
Q

What is cortex of endospore

A

Cortex- double layer of peptidoglycan, calcium dipicolinate and diaminopimelic acid

59
Q

What is the coat of endospore

A

Coat- Sulfur-containing proteins, rich in cross-linking that transfer resistance and chemical agents(keratin-like proteins)

60
Q

What is exosporium of endospore

A

It’s not always present. It contains proteins-lipids-polysaccharides (phospholipids,teichoic acids,diaminopimelic acid)

61
Q

Why are spores resistant to heat, chemical and physical agents

A

-Extreme dehydration of the protoplast, absence of protein synthesis and presence of cortex(electronegative and hydrophilic peptidoglycan polymer)
-Mineralization of the protoplast (Ca2+,Mg2+,Mn2+,K+)
-Presence of calcium dipicolinate-replaces water and stabilizes DNA
-Presence of the coats and cortex-potent barriers to the intake of substances and chemical agents
-Presence of SASP proteins in the cytoplasm that interact with DNA and protect it from UV-induces damages

62
Q

What do sigma factors do in sporulation

A

Sigma F/holoenzyme: activates early sporulation genes, activates the transcription of sigma G, that upon activation activates sporulation genes

63
Q

Are activation and germination reversible or not

A

Activation is, germination isn’t

64
Q

Explain process of sporulation

A

Upon sensing certain environmental conditions, endospore forms activate Spo0A and initiate sporulation. First morphological event is the formation of polar septum which creates larger mother cell and smaller forespore. Mother cell engulfs forespore, and the two cell work together to assemble the dormant spore. Calcium dipicolinic acid(Ca-DPA) is synthesized in the mother cell and transported into the forespore in exchange for water. The cortex is formed between the two membranes, and coat proteins polymerize on the surface of the mother cell-derived membrane. Once the spore is mature, the mother cell lyses and releases the dormant spore in the enviroment

65
Q

Explain germination

A

Upon sensing appropriate environment small molecule germinates, the spore initiates a signaling cascade that leads to activation of cortex hydrolases and core hydration which is necessary for metabolism to resume in the germinating spore

Microbiology (20 decks)

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