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FOM Quiz 6 > 10/20 Female Endocrine system > Flashcards

10/20 Female Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is HPO axis in females

A

it is the Hypothalamus to Pituitary to the ovary.

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2
Q

how is the hypothalamus kept from releasing GnRH during childhood

A

ovaries grow and continuously secrete small amounts of estrogens.

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3
Q

how can extra adipose tissue in a young girl lead to early onset puberty?

A

Leptin levels can make the hypothalamus less sensitive to the low levels of estrogen produced during childhood, and the hypothalamus can begin to release GnRH in rhythmic pulselike manner!

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4
Q

Describe the hormone release in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

A

hypothalamus release GnRH that stimulates pituitary to releaase FSH and LH that prompt the ovaries to secrete estrogen, that cause LH/FSH levels to drop initially, until a threshold of estrogen causes a spike in LH/FSH (through GnRH surge). That cuase ovulation and form a corpus luteum that excretes estrogen and progesterone in higher levels that inhibit LH/FSH (and GnRH) in the pituitary (and hypothalamus). If pregnancy occurs then hCG (LH like hormone) will be released, and maintain progesterone and estrogen levels through corpus luteum until the placenta takes over. otherwise, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, menstration happens and GnRH is again released by the hypothalamus to start the cycle all over!

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5
Q

The axis of endocrine control…3 of them!

A

H..P..T or A or O.. That is hypothalmus to pituitary to the thyroid (TRH, TSH, T4) or adrenal (CRH, ACTH, CORT) or ovarian (GnRH, LH/FSH, Estrogen/Progesterone)

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6
Q

The hormones that stimulate the gonads:

A

the gonadotropins: LH/FSH!

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7
Q

what comes from the hypothalmus to cause the release of gonadotropins form the pituitary?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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8
Q

What are the gonadotropins that are released i the pituitary

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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9
Q

what are the hormones form the ovaries?

A

estrogen; progesterone

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10
Q

what is the generator of sexual activity hormone?

A

estrogens

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11
Q

what is the progestational hormone?

A

progesterone

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12
Q

why do we test for the “beta” subunit of the hormones?

A

the alpha subunit is shared between the different hormones.

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13
Q

where do we get estrogen and progesterone?

A

take cholesterol and make it into progesterone and that is converted (through a couple steps) into estrogen

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14
Q

what are the steps in the developmnet of a follicle in the ovary?

A
  1. primordial follicles (develop in fetus). 2. Follicular growth and development (a few steps). 3. Ovulation. 4. formation of the corpus leteus (“yellow body”); 5. formation of the corpus albicans (“White body”)
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15
Q

What is the state of the chromosomes in the follicles?

A

at birth all oocytes are arrested in the prophase1 were DNA replication and crossing over has occured, Meiosis I occurs only in one oocyte each month, where the haploid cell would be created but with duplicated DNA still. then meiosis II would only complete after fertilization where the extra copy of the DNA is lost. The result is three polar bodies that degenerate and one ovum! goes from 2n,2c to 2n,4c at birth and then 1n,2c once a month and 1n,1c when fertilized.

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16
Q

what stimulates the release of FSH and LH?

A

GnRH in the hypothalymus

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17
Q

what does the release of LH/FSH from the pituitary lead to?

A

stimulate follicular development and increased estrogen synthesis.

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18
Q

where does the production of increased estrogen due to pituitary stimulation occure?

A

in a corrort of about 20 primary follicles that develop into secondary multilaminar follicles and then secrete estrogen.

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19
Q

what type of signal is LH?

A

a g-protien coupled that stimulates adenosine cyclase that stimulates cAMP. as well as stimulating PIP and PKC to also stimulate the transformation of cholesterol into androstenedione….(moving towards estrogen)

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20
Q

how are both LH and FSH needed to create estrogen? (looking at the molecular signals)

A

LH acts on the Thecal cells on the outside of the follicle to convert cholesterol to androstenedione. FSH acts on Granulosa cells deeper in the follicle to take the androstenedione and make estrodiol which is released into the follicular fluid as estrogen!

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21
Q

what type of signal is FSH?

A

A G-protien coupled receptor that stimulates Adenosine cyclase that stimulates cAMP and then PKA to lead to production of estrodiol (estrogen) from androstenedione.

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22
Q

how would a steady medium-low level of estrogen effect the production of the pituitary?

A

Result in a inhibition of the pituitary and reduction of LH and FSH

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23
Q

how do we end up with only one dominant follicle?

A

the production of estrogen will increase the sensitivity of the dominant follicle to FSH by increasing the number of receptors, then when the neg. feedback of estrogen makes a dip in FSH only the dominant folicle has enough receptors to survive!

24
Q

How does increasing estrogen at the begining of ovulation affect the ovary?

A

it stimulates the growth and proliferation of follicular cells, and increases the FSH receptors on the dominant follicle to result in increased estrogen release and one dominant folicle to survive the drop in FSH!

25
Q

what happens as the Estrogen starts to peak?

A

the hypothalamus (GnRH) is signaled as well as the pituitary (LH, FSH) by the estrogen in a positive feedback mechanism and this causes the subsequant release of a surge of LH and FSH!

26
Q

what cuases the actually release of the oocyte?

A

the surge of LH induces ovulation

27
Q

how does the oocyte get into the oviduct?

A

the oocyte released through the paratanium, then the fimbriae guide the oocyte back through a hole in the paratanium and into the oviduct!

28
Q

what is the major steriod hormone during the follicular phase that promotes ovarian follicular development and regulates gonadotropin secretion?

A

Estrogen

29
Q

what is the transient endocrine organ that forms after ovulation due to LH surge?

A

the corpus luteum

30
Q

How is the surge in pituitary hormone inhibited during the luteal phase of ovulation?

A

elevated progesterone and estrogens in the blood due to the corpus luteum.

31
Q

why would we so quickly drop the peak in LH and FSH

A

to prevent a second ovulation event.

32
Q

what casues GnRH to start to rise at the begining of the female cycle?

A

the drop in progesterone and estrogen at the end of the last cycle.

33
Q

what cuases the corpus leteum to degenerate?

A

LH levels in the blood fall.

34
Q

what would most likely happen to a girl who ingerits mutations in her FSH receptor genes such that sshe has no fully functioning FSH receptors?

A

ovarian faliure and excess androgens (failure to make estrogen)

35
Q

during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle, a woman’s body temperature increases by about .6 degrees C. the action of which hormone, that is normally only high during the luteal phase, is most likely responsible of this temp increase?

A

Progesterone (the key factor or hormone in the luteal phase.

36
Q

birth control pills functioning part to inhibit follicular development and ovulation. ht hormones in the pill reduce the cyclic pulses of GnRH and inhibit release of the gonadotropis therefore, birth control pills most likely contain small amounts of?

A

estrogen and progesterone

37
Q

how does the layers of the uterus correlate to the levels of estrogens and progesterone

A

the levels of estor. and proge. drop and cause the loss of the lining

38
Q

what happens durng chilhood for the lifeccycl o fa woman

A

during chilhood: ovaries grow and release small amouts of estrogen taht inhibit GnRH release form the hypothalamus

39
Q

what causes the start of menstruation cycle in girls?

A

leptin levels are adequate, the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen, rhythmic pulses of GnRH and pituitary release of FSH and LH increased ovarian release of estrogen

40
Q

Therefore what could cause earlier development of menstrantion in women?

A

larger amount of adipose therefore larger leptin signaling and therefore start of menstration

41
Q

what hormone process causes the proliferative phase of the endometrium?

A

increased estrogen in the blood due to follicle activity stimulated by LH and FSH that was stimulated by GnRH that was stimulated due to low levels of progesterone/estrigne and so on….

42
Q

shedding of all but the deepest (basal) layer of the endometrium

A

Menses.

43
Q

how would a vaginal inspection for a clear sticky and mucus like fluid indicate that a women is fertile?

A

the secretory or post ovulatory phase of 14 days in marked by endomedtrial glands secreting glycogen to help sustain an embryo.

44
Q

what causes the induction of menses?

A

no hCG to promote the corpus leuteum and so it degenerates and estrogen levels fall and so the spiral arteries kink, go into spasms, and the cells around them die. the spiral arteries contract and then open wide. The rush of blood causes the capillaries to collapse and the functional layer to slough off.

45
Q

during childhood what is the state of a womens ovaries etc.?

A

ovaries grow and release small amounts of estrogen that inhibit GnRH release form the hypothalamus.

46
Q

describe the early onset of teh menstration cycle

A

increased estrogen signals puberty, and menarche or first menses happens, but regular cycle not usually started until 2-4 years later.

47
Q

what is the enzyme that is responsible for the formation of estrogen?

A

aromatase.

48
Q

as a women enters menopause, follicular development decreases, resulting in reduced estrogen production. The body responsds by increases secretion of a hormone that stimulates follicle dvelopment, but to no avail. therefore, elevated secretion of which hormone is most likely to indicate that a women has entered menopause?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone.

49
Q

what are the key hormones in pregnancy?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

50
Q

what maintains the corpus luteum to continue to expressing estrogens and progesterone?

A

hCG human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by the tropoblast cells of the embryo

51
Q

What are the physiologic functions of the Placenta?

A

Support the embryo implantation, providing nutrients and oxygen; Immune: suppressing local immune system to prevent rejection of the fetus; Endocrine: hormone synthesis, transport and metabolism to promote fetal growth and survival.

52
Q

how is menstration prevented during pregancy?

A

the increase in estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum, and later the placenta.

53
Q

Why do the ovaries go dormant during pregnacy?

A

hCG stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to secrete, but then the placenta takes over and the hCG levels drop and estrogen and progesterone is high, which inhibits LH/FSH and keeps the ovary quite!

54
Q

what if the placenta fails to produce progesterone and estrogen?

A

when hCG levels fall then the endometrium would degenerate and the pregnancy would abort.

55
Q

how does progesterone help pregnancy?

A

prevents uterin contractions, modulate immune response, stimulate lobular-alveolar development in mammary gland

56
Q

how would progesterone prevent contractions of the uterus?

A

increasing resting membrane potential and prevents the electrical coupling between myometrial cells. also decreases uptake of extracellular calcium!

57
Q

A 43 year old woman who ahas had regular menstraul periods for the past 3 decades has suddenly stopped menstrauating a urine test is beta human choionic gonadotropic bets HCG is positive. the most likely cause for her acute amenorrhea is

A

peregnancy!

FOM Quiz 6 (16 decks)

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