10/19 Female Repro Histology Flashcards
Parts of the uterine Tube
From the ovary out: Fimbriae (fingers); Infundibulum; Ampulla; Isthmus; Intramural portions.
Layers of the wall of the Uterus
endometrium; Myometrium; Perimetrium (from Inside out)
Gross anotomical divisions of the uterus?
Fundus; Lumen; Body; isthmus; cervical canal; cervix; vagina;
The ligament that spans the ovary and falopian tube to the body of the uterus.
the broad ligament
fluid filled tube located lateral to the body of the uterus in the broad ligament
the ureter!
What are the parts of the body involved in female reproduction?
ovary, oviducts, uterus, vagina, external genitalia. (mammary glands)
What is the purpose of the female reproductive system
produce female gametes, provide environment for fertilization, hold embryo, produce steroidal sex hormones
What is the overall organization of the ovary?
Cortex; Medulla; germinal epithelium (on the very outside) and Tunica Albugenia (layer of tissue towards the outside of the cortex)
where are the follicles?
they are embedded in stroma of the cortex
what is located in the medulla of the ovary?
circulatory conduits for the estrogens and progesterone, loose CT
what is the tunica albugenia
the overall dense connecxtive tissue that encloseses the ovary
what is a follicle?
oocyte surrounded by follicular (granulosa) cells
what does estrogen do?
proliferation of granulosa cells; maturaation of follicles; monthyly development of endometerium
where is estrogen produced
granulosa (follicular cells) secrete estrogen
what causes a follicle to mature?
They mature in response to estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
what causes ovulation?
ovulation is triggered by a pulse of luteinizing hormone (LH)
what are the layers of tissue released when ovulation occurs?
Corona radiata surrounding Zona pellucida surrounding the ovulated secondary oocyte.
what is a primordial follicle
Oocyte surrounded by a simple low layer of follicular cells surrounded by stromal cells.
what stage of cell progression is the primordial follicle oocyte?
prophase of first meiotic division.
where is the primordial follicle
In the superficial cortex
what is a unilaminar primary follicle?
Oocyte surrounded by a simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells. surrounded by stromal cells.
what is a multilaminar primary follicle?
Follicular cells proliferate; the oocyte surrounded by stratified cuboidal epithelium (granulosa)
what causes the formation of unilaminar primary follicle
FSH from the pituitary after puberty stiumulates the process of follicular growth.
Located between the oocyte and the first layer of granulosa (follicular) cells.
(zona pellucida)
glycoptrotein coat that initiates the acrosome reaction (ZP3 and Zp4 sperm receptors)
Zona Pellucida
what do the stromal cells (interstitial cells) outside the multilaminar primary follicle become?
Theca folliculi
how is a primary follicle and secondary follicicle differ?
granulosa cells surrounding the zona pallucida accumulate liquor folliculi that creates fluid filed antrum.
convert androgens to estradiol via aromatase
granulosa cells of the secondary follicle
Divisions of the Theca folliculi of secondary follicle
Theca externa; theca interna;
two layers of cells seperated from the granulosa cells by a basement membrane
theca folliculi
Endocrine tissue that secretes androgens in the developing follicle
theca interna
connective tissue and smooth muscle on the very outside of the developing secondary follicle
theca externa
several layers of granulosa cells
corona radiata
stalk of granulosa cells that suspend the oocyt into the atrium of a mature follicle
cumulus oophorus
the structure of a mature (graafian follicle)
oocyte surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells (corona radiata), suspended in the antrum by cumulus oophorus.
The results of having a spike of luteinizing homrone in the ovary
Oocyte in mature form will complete first meiotic division, arrest in metaphase II. One dominant mature follicle will then rupture and release ovum togeether with corona radiata.
The structure that forms after ovulation occurs
corpus luteum
what is the fate of the atrum that once held the oocyte?
it will fill with blood and form the corpus hemorrhagicum and then it will later be replaced with dense connective tissue.
What is the role of the cells that surround the mature follicle after ovulation occurs
ovulation - central clot forms - granulosa and theca cells become endocrine in function under the control of LH.
how does the corpus luteum act as a endocrine tissue?
Granulosa lutein cells secrete progesterone and estrogen; theca cells invade the granulosa and become the theca lutein that secrete adrogens and progesterone. (all under control of LH)
what signal would persist in pregancy and maintain the corpus luteum?
LH
what would the corpus luteum do if LH persists due to pregancy
continue to produce progesterone and estrogen and help to support the pregancy
what happens tot he corpus luteum if LH signal goes away?
no pregancy: cells stop producing estrogen/progesterone/ form a dense connective tissue scar = corpus albicans
what leads to menstration?
the decreased progesterone release form the corpus luteum due to loss of LH signal due to no pregancy.
what is the fate of most follicles?
fail to mature and die via atresia.
a non-degenerating follicle that results in a fluid filled cavity
follicular cysts
most follicles are gone, lots of dense connective tissue and corpus albicans
the post-menopausal ovary.
three layers of the oviduct
Mucosa; musculans; serosa
the apperance of the three layers of the oviduct
folded and wrinkled inner mucosa, longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis; thinner outer layer serosa.
lining of the inner mucosa of the oviduct
simple ciliated columnar epithelium, with two cell types: ciliated cells and peg cells that secrete capacitation factors and provide nutrition and protection for ovum or zygote
what section of the oviduct usually plays host to fertilization?
ampulla.
how does the oviduct change as approach the uterus?
mucosa becomes less convoluted and muscularis becomes thicker as approach the uterus
the stucture of the muscularis or the myometrium of the uterus
3-4 layers of smooth muscle that undergo extensive growth during pregancy (contraction during parturition); contain the arcuate arteries.
the structure of the mucosa or endometrium of the uterus
simple cileated columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands; a think lamina propia;
where do new epithelium come from after menstration takes place in the uterus?
bases of glands provide the source of the new epithelium.
what do the glands of the endometrium secrete?
glycoproteins that nourish embryo prior to implantion
what are the two “comparments” of the endometrium?
Functionalis (functional layer): shed during menstration; Basalis (basal layer): closest to myometrium, remains after menstration, contains bases of glands! (not shed during menstration)
Explain the blood supply of the the uterus
divided into the two basic parts of the endometrium: basalis supplied by straight arteries coming from arcuate arteries; and functionalis supplied by coiled arteries derived from the straight arteries that come from the arcuate arteries.
what are the arteries that run just below the endometrium in the uterus?
the arcuate arteries
how does the functionalis layer of the endometrium die off and get sloughed off?
progesterone sensitive coiled arteries constrict when there is no more progesterone and then the tissue will die and slough off.
The three stages of the menstrual cycle:
Menstrual phase; proliferative (follicular) phase; Secretory (luteal) phase.
what are the “day break-downs” for the stages of the mentrual cycle
days 1-4: Menstrual (resting) phase; days 5-14: Proliferative (follicular) phase; Day 15-28 secretory (luteal) phase.
where in the three stages of menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
after the proliferative phase around day 14.
functionalis is shed in this phase of menstual cyle
menstrual phase (days 1-4)
Functionalis is reconstituted in this phase of menstrual cycle
proliferative (follicular) phase: days 5-14
glands secrete, maximum thickness of functionalis in this phase of the menstrual cycle
secretory (luteal) phase: dayes 15-28
How does the histology of the endometrium change during menstrual cycle?
mestrual phase: the base of the glands is all that is left in a thin layer of lamina propria. Proliferative phase: thinckening lamina propria containse mostly straight glands and developing coiled arteries. Uterus phase: coiled, enlarged glands with secretory products next to abundent coiled arteries.
what stimultes thickening of the lamina propria and development of the straight glands?
Estrogen
what stimulates epithelial cells of glands to become enlarged, coiled and fill with secretory products?
progesterone from the corpus luteum
The gross anatomical features of the cervix?
Internal ostium; cervical canal; external ostium.
what type of tissue lines the cervix wall?
endocervix (top of the cervix) is simple, columnar mucus-secreting epithelium with branched tubular glands; ectocervix (bottom) is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
the junction of stratified squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium
squamo-columnar junction
how can the squamo-columnar junction change with age?
a transformation zone will develop between the columnar and squamous epithelium and then that transition zone will travel up the cervix towards the uterus as a women ages.
where do most cervical cancer arise?
at the transformation zone!
what is the histology of the transformation zone?
area where colomnar cells overlap squamous cells as colomnar turns into squamous
overgrowth of stratified squamous epithelium blocks opening of glands
nabothian cyst
epithelium tissue type of vagina?
stratified squamous: NO glands
causes the vagina epithelium to synthesize glycogen
estrogen
pH of the vagina
relatively low
structure of lamina propria of vagina
elastic fibers, papillae
Layers of the vagina?
epithelium; Lamina propria (elastic fibers, papillae); Muscularis (scattered bundles of smooth muscle); Adventitia (dense connective tissue with elastic fibers)
Modified sweat glands that are branched, compound tubuloaveolar glands
mammary glands
secretory portions of mammary glands
alveoli and alveolar ducts
located behind bladder and at the most caudal extension of the ductus deferens in a male
Seminal vesicle
gland located just below the bladder through which the ejaculatory duct connects with the urethra
prostrate
gland just below the prostate that connects to the urethra
bulbourotheral gland
the set of tubules from the testes to the prostate:
seminiferous tubules; tubuli recti; rete testis; ductuli efferentes; epididymis; ductus deferens.
the surrounding layer os tissue of the testis
tunica albuginea
glands that contribute to the semen:
seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands.
the four main components of the testis
seminiferous epithelium; spermatogenesis; sertoli and leydig cells; ducts!
dense fibrous CT around the testis
tunica albuginea
septa that subdivides testis into 250 lobules
mediastinum testis
the ducts and contents of the testis:
seminiferous epithelium of the seminiferous ducts and interstitial tissue (looks like honey comb of irregular shaped ducts
cells of the seminiferous epithelium
Sertoli cells; spermatogenic cells.
cells of the interstitial tissue in the testis
leydig cells
what do sertoli cells in testis do?
physically and metabollically support developing sperm and form blood testis barrier and produce androgen binding protein (inhibin), and phagocytose excess cytoplasm shed in spermatogenesis
why have a blood testis barrier?
to prevent autoimune reactions
function of spermatogenic cells
produce sperm (spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
function of leydig cells in testis
cells produce anderogens (testosterone). This gives them characteristic lipid droplets under the microscope to identify them from!
stages of sperm development:
spermatogonium - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - spermatids differentiate - sperm.
what stage in sperm development does Meiosis I take place to produce haploid cells.
Between primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte
where does spermatogensis take place?
in the seminiferous epithelium of the seminiferous tubules of the testis
Explain the progression of spermatogenisis
spermatogonium at the edge of the seminiferous epithelium next to the interstitual smmoth muscle and between sertoli cells undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis I to become haploid secondary spermatocytes, and meiosis II to become spermatid while moving down the epithelium towards the lumen of the tubule. The spermatid reach the lumen and diferentiate into sperm and gain a tail. and are released into the seminiferous tubule.
what are the two cellular zones of the seminiferous epithelium tissue layers that the sperm travel through as they mature?
Basal compartment and Adluminal compartment
describe the visual appearence of different sperm development stages
spermatogonia are very round and large nuclei with condesded chromatids; primary spermatocytes are slightly larger round nuclei with condensed DNA located farther from the interstitual. the spermatids are sharp little points of cells with little nuclei at the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
the tubular travels of the mature sperm…
seminiferous tubules to the Tubuli Recti to the Rete testis to the Ductili Efferentes to the duct of the Epididymis to the ductus deferens….
General appearence and tissue type of the Rete Testis:
look like a sponge of tubes in-between the interstitial tissue of the seminiferous tubules, made of simple cuboidal epithelium
General appearence and tissue type of the Ductuli efferentes:
Tubules characterized by scalloped or festooned epithelium (wavey profile to the cells)…alternates between non-ciliated cuboidal cells with microvilli and taller cileated cells.
General appearence and tissue type of the Epididymis:
single 4-5 mete tube, highly tortuous, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium: low basal stem cells and tall columnar principal cells with long branched atypical microvilli.
where does the sperm finally mature and become motile?
in the epididymis
General appearence and tissue type of the Ductus deferens:
long, straight tube with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, some stereocilia. Three layers of muscularis: longitudinal inner and outer and circular middle.
what are the products of the seminal vescicle?
70% of volume of ejaculate: Fructose; Prostaglandins; Fibrinogen
what is the purpose of the products of the seiminal vesicle?
Fructose: energy for sperm; Prostaglandins: stimulate female acctivity; Fibrinogen: allows coagulation.
What is the product of the small gland just below the prostate?
the Bulbourethral gland releases clear mucus-like secretion to coat urethra.
What is the anatomical organization of the prostate gland?
three layers of tubuloacinar glands: Transition zone; Central zone; and Peripheral zone.
what are the products of the prostate
Proteolytic enzymes, high levels of zinc, citric acid, and acid phosphatase. Produce prostate specific antigens (helps in slow release of sperm)
Primary area of prostate cancer in the layers of the prostate
the peripheral zone
As the prostate ages, these become more and more numerous:
concretions or corpora amylacea in the glands!
