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FOM Quiz 6 > 10/19 Female Repro Histology > Flashcards

10/19 Female Repro Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the uterine Tube

A

From the ovary out: Fimbriae (fingers); Infundibulum; Ampulla; Isthmus; Intramural portions.

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2
Q

Layers of the wall of the Uterus

A

endometrium; Myometrium; Perimetrium (from Inside out)

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3
Q

Gross anotomical divisions of the uterus?

A

Fundus; Lumen; Body; isthmus; cervical canal; cervix; vagina;

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4
Q

The ligament that spans the ovary and falopian tube to the body of the uterus.

A

the broad ligament

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5
Q

fluid filled tube located lateral to the body of the uterus in the broad ligament

A

the ureter!

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6
Q

What are the parts of the body involved in female reproduction?

A

ovary, oviducts, uterus, vagina, external genitalia. (mammary glands)

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the female reproductive system

A

produce female gametes, provide environment for fertilization, hold embryo, produce steroidal sex hormones

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8
Q

What is the overall organization of the ovary?

A

Cortex; Medulla; germinal epithelium (on the very outside) and Tunica Albugenia (layer of tissue towards the outside of the cortex)

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9
Q

where are the follicles?

A

they are embedded in stroma of the cortex

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10
Q

what is located in the medulla of the ovary?

A

circulatory conduits for the estrogens and progesterone, loose CT

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11
Q

what is the tunica albugenia

A

the overall dense connecxtive tissue that encloseses the ovary

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12
Q

what is a follicle?

A

oocyte surrounded by follicular (granulosa) cells

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13
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

proliferation of granulosa cells; maturaation of follicles; monthyly development of endometerium

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14
Q

where is estrogen produced

A

granulosa (follicular cells) secrete estrogen

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15
Q

what causes a follicle to mature?

A

They mature in response to estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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16
Q

what causes ovulation?

A

ovulation is triggered by a pulse of luteinizing hormone (LH)

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17
Q

what are the layers of tissue released when ovulation occurs?

A

Corona radiata surrounding Zona pellucida surrounding the ovulated secondary oocyte.

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18
Q

what is a primordial follicle

A

Oocyte surrounded by a simple low layer of follicular cells surrounded by stromal cells.

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19
Q

what stage of cell progression is the primordial follicle oocyte?

A

prophase of first meiotic division.

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20
Q

where is the primordial follicle

A

In the superficial cortex

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21
Q

what is a unilaminar primary follicle?

A

Oocyte surrounded by a simple cuboidal layer of follicular cells. surrounded by stromal cells.

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22
Q

what is a multilaminar primary follicle?

A

Follicular cells proliferate; the oocyte surrounded by stratified cuboidal epithelium (granulosa)

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23
Q

what causes the formation of unilaminar primary follicle

A

FSH from the pituitary after puberty stiumulates the process of follicular growth.

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24
Q

Located between the oocyte and the first layer of granulosa (follicular) cells.

A

(zona pellucida)

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25
Q

glycoptrotein coat that initiates the acrosome reaction (ZP3 and Zp4 sperm receptors)

A

Zona Pellucida

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26
Q

what do the stromal cells (interstitial cells) outside the multilaminar primary follicle become?

A

Theca folliculi

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27
Q

how is a primary follicle and secondary follicicle differ?

A

granulosa cells surrounding the zona pallucida accumulate liquor folliculi that creates fluid filed antrum.

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28
Q

convert androgens to estradiol via aromatase

A

granulosa cells of the secondary follicle

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29
Q

Divisions of the Theca folliculi of secondary follicle

A

Theca externa; theca interna;

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30
Q

two layers of cells seperated from the granulosa cells by a basement membrane

A

theca folliculi

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31
Q

Endocrine tissue that secretes androgens in the developing follicle

A

theca interna

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32
Q

connective tissue and smooth muscle on the very outside of the developing secondary follicle

A

theca externa

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33
Q

several layers of granulosa cells

A

corona radiata

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34
Q

stalk of granulosa cells that suspend the oocyt into the atrium of a mature follicle

A

cumulus oophorus

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35
Q

the structure of a mature (graafian follicle)

A

oocyte surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells (corona radiata), suspended in the antrum by cumulus oophorus.

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36
Q

The results of having a spike of luteinizing homrone in the ovary

A

Oocyte in mature form will complete first meiotic division, arrest in metaphase II. One dominant mature follicle will then rupture and release ovum togeether with corona radiata.

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37
Q

The structure that forms after ovulation occurs

A

corpus luteum

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38
Q

what is the fate of the atrum that once held the oocyte?

A

it will fill with blood and form the corpus hemorrhagicum and then it will later be replaced with dense connective tissue.

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39
Q

What is the role of the cells that surround the mature follicle after ovulation occurs

A

ovulation - central clot forms - granulosa and theca cells become endocrine in function under the control of LH.

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40
Q

how does the corpus luteum act as a endocrine tissue?

A

Granulosa lutein cells secrete progesterone and estrogen; theca cells invade the granulosa and become the theca lutein that secrete adrogens and progesterone. (all under control of LH)

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41
Q

what signal would persist in pregancy and maintain the corpus luteum?

A

LH

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42
Q

what would the corpus luteum do if LH persists due to pregancy

A

continue to produce progesterone and estrogen and help to support the pregancy

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43
Q

what happens tot he corpus luteum if LH signal goes away?

A

no pregancy: cells stop producing estrogen/progesterone/ form a dense connective tissue scar = corpus albicans

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44
Q

what leads to menstration?

A

the decreased progesterone release form the corpus luteum due to loss of LH signal due to no pregancy.

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45
Q

what is the fate of most follicles?

A

fail to mature and die via atresia.

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46
Q

a non-degenerating follicle that results in a fluid filled cavity

A

follicular cysts

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47
Q

most follicles are gone, lots of dense connective tissue and corpus albicans

A

the post-menopausal ovary.

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48
Q

three layers of the oviduct

A

Mucosa; musculans; serosa

49
Q

the apperance of the three layers of the oviduct

A

folded and wrinkled inner mucosa, longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis; thinner outer layer serosa.

50
Q

lining of the inner mucosa of the oviduct

A

simple ciliated columnar epithelium, with two cell types: ciliated cells and peg cells that secrete capacitation factors and provide nutrition and protection for ovum or zygote

51
Q

what section of the oviduct usually plays host to fertilization?

A

ampulla.

52
Q

how does the oviduct change as approach the uterus?

A

mucosa becomes less convoluted and muscularis becomes thicker as approach the uterus

53
Q

the stucture of the muscularis or the myometrium of the uterus

A

3-4 layers of smooth muscle that undergo extensive growth during pregancy (contraction during parturition); contain the arcuate arteries.

54
Q

the structure of the mucosa or endometrium of the uterus

A

simple cileated columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands; a think lamina propia;

55
Q

where do new epithelium come from after menstration takes place in the uterus?

A

bases of glands provide the source of the new epithelium.

56
Q

what do the glands of the endometrium secrete?

A

glycoproteins that nourish embryo prior to implantion

57
Q

what are the two “comparments” of the endometrium?

A

Functionalis (functional layer): shed during menstration; Basalis (basal layer): closest to myometrium, remains after menstration, contains bases of glands! (not shed during menstration)

58
Q

Explain the blood supply of the the uterus

A

divided into the two basic parts of the endometrium: basalis supplied by straight arteries coming from arcuate arteries; and functionalis supplied by coiled arteries derived from the straight arteries that come from the arcuate arteries.

59
Q

what are the arteries that run just below the endometrium in the uterus?

A

the arcuate arteries

60
Q

how does the functionalis layer of the endometrium die off and get sloughed off?

A

progesterone sensitive coiled arteries constrict when there is no more progesterone and then the tissue will die and slough off.

61
Q

The three stages of the menstrual cycle:

A

Menstrual phase; proliferative (follicular) phase; Secretory (luteal) phase.

62
Q

what are the “day break-downs” for the stages of the mentrual cycle

A

days 1-4: Menstrual (resting) phase; days 5-14: Proliferative (follicular) phase; Day 15-28 secretory (luteal) phase.

63
Q

where in the three stages of menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

A

after the proliferative phase around day 14.

64
Q

functionalis is shed in this phase of menstual cyle

A

menstrual phase (days 1-4)

65
Q

Functionalis is reconstituted in this phase of menstrual cycle

A

proliferative (follicular) phase: days 5-14

66
Q

glands secrete, maximum thickness of functionalis in this phase of the menstrual cycle

A

secretory (luteal) phase: dayes 15-28

67
Q

How does the histology of the endometrium change during menstrual cycle?

A

mestrual phase: the base of the glands is all that is left in a thin layer of lamina propria. Proliferative phase: thinckening lamina propria containse mostly straight glands and developing coiled arteries. Uterus phase: coiled, enlarged glands with secretory products next to abundent coiled arteries.

68
Q

what stimultes thickening of the lamina propria and development of the straight glands?

A

Estrogen

69
Q

what stimulates epithelial cells of glands to become enlarged, coiled and fill with secretory products?

A

progesterone from the corpus luteum

70
Q

The gross anatomical features of the cervix?

A

Internal ostium; cervical canal; external ostium.

71
Q

what type of tissue lines the cervix wall?

A

endocervix (top of the cervix) is simple, columnar mucus-secreting epithelium with branched tubular glands; ectocervix (bottom) is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

72
Q

the junction of stratified squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium

A

squamo-columnar junction

73
Q

how can the squamo-columnar junction change with age?

A

a transformation zone will develop between the columnar and squamous epithelium and then that transition zone will travel up the cervix towards the uterus as a women ages.

74
Q

where do most cervical cancer arise?

A

at the transformation zone!

75
Q

what is the histology of the transformation zone?

A

area where colomnar cells overlap squamous cells as colomnar turns into squamous

76
Q

overgrowth of stratified squamous epithelium blocks opening of glands

A

nabothian cyst

77
Q

epithelium tissue type of vagina?

A

stratified squamous: NO glands

78
Q

causes the vagina epithelium to synthesize glycogen

A

estrogen

79
Q

pH of the vagina

A

relatively low

80
Q

structure of lamina propria of vagina

A

elastic fibers, papillae

81
Q

Layers of the vagina?

A

epithelium; Lamina propria (elastic fibers, papillae); Muscularis (scattered bundles of smooth muscle); Adventitia (dense connective tissue with elastic fibers)

82
Q

Modified sweat glands that are branched, compound tubuloaveolar glands

A

mammary glands

83
Q

secretory portions of mammary glands

A

alveoli and alveolar ducts

84
Q

located behind bladder and at the most caudal extension of the ductus deferens in a male

A

Seminal vesicle

85
Q

gland located just below the bladder through which the ejaculatory duct connects with the urethra

A

prostrate

86
Q

gland just below the prostate that connects to the urethra

A

bulbourotheral gland

87
Q

the set of tubules from the testes to the prostate:

A

seminiferous tubules; tubuli recti; rete testis; ductuli efferentes; epididymis; ductus deferens.

88
Q

the surrounding layer os tissue of the testis

A

tunica albuginea

89
Q

glands that contribute to the semen:

A

seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands.

90
Q

the four main components of the testis

A

seminiferous epithelium; spermatogenesis; sertoli and leydig cells; ducts!

91
Q

dense fibrous CT around the testis

A

tunica albuginea

92
Q

septa that subdivides testis into 250 lobules

A

mediastinum testis

93
Q

the ducts and contents of the testis:

A

seminiferous epithelium of the seminiferous ducts and interstitial tissue (looks like honey comb of irregular shaped ducts

94
Q

cells of the seminiferous epithelium

A

Sertoli cells; spermatogenic cells.

95
Q

cells of the interstitial tissue in the testis

A

leydig cells

96
Q

what do sertoli cells in testis do?

A

physically and metabollically support developing sperm and form blood testis barrier and produce androgen binding protein (inhibin), and phagocytose excess cytoplasm shed in spermatogenesis

97
Q

why have a blood testis barrier?

A

to prevent autoimune reactions

98
Q

function of spermatogenic cells

A

produce sperm (spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

99
Q

function of leydig cells in testis

A

cells produce anderogens (testosterone). This gives them characteristic lipid droplets under the microscope to identify them from!

100
Q

stages of sperm development:

A

spermatogonium - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - spermatid - spermatids differentiate - sperm.

101
Q

what stage in sperm development does Meiosis I take place to produce haploid cells.

A

Between primary spermatocyte and secondary spermatocyte

102
Q

where does spermatogensis take place?

A

in the seminiferous epithelium of the seminiferous tubules of the testis

103
Q

Explain the progression of spermatogenisis

A

spermatogonium at the edge of the seminiferous epithelium next to the interstitual smmoth muscle and between sertoli cells undergo mitosis and produce primary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis I to become haploid secondary spermatocytes, and meiosis II to become spermatid while moving down the epithelium towards the lumen of the tubule. The spermatid reach the lumen and diferentiate into sperm and gain a tail. and are released into the seminiferous tubule.

104
Q

what are the two cellular zones of the seminiferous epithelium tissue layers that the sperm travel through as they mature?

A

Basal compartment and Adluminal compartment

105
Q

describe the visual appearence of different sperm development stages

A

spermatogonia are very round and large nuclei with condesded chromatids; primary spermatocytes are slightly larger round nuclei with condensed DNA located farther from the interstitual. the spermatids are sharp little points of cells with little nuclei at the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

106
Q

the tubular travels of the mature sperm…

A

seminiferous tubules to the Tubuli Recti to the Rete testis to the Ductili Efferentes to the duct of the Epididymis to the ductus deferens….

107
Q

General appearence and tissue type of the Rete Testis:

A

look like a sponge of tubes in-between the interstitial tissue of the seminiferous tubules, made of simple cuboidal epithelium

108
Q

General appearence and tissue type of the Ductuli efferentes:

A

Tubules characterized by scalloped or festooned epithelium (wavey profile to the cells)…alternates between non-ciliated cuboidal cells with microvilli and taller cileated cells.

109
Q

General appearence and tissue type of the Epididymis:

A

single 4-5 mete tube, highly tortuous, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium: low basal stem cells and tall columnar principal cells with long branched atypical microvilli.

110
Q

where does the sperm finally mature and become motile?

A

in the epididymis

111
Q

General appearence and tissue type of the Ductus deferens:

A

long, straight tube with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, some stereocilia. Three layers of muscularis: longitudinal inner and outer and circular middle.

112
Q

what are the products of the seminal vescicle?

A

70% of volume of ejaculate: Fructose; Prostaglandins; Fibrinogen

113
Q

what is the purpose of the products of the seiminal vesicle?

A

Fructose: energy for sperm; Prostaglandins: stimulate female acctivity; Fibrinogen: allows coagulation.

114
Q

What is the product of the small gland just below the prostate?

A

the Bulbourethral gland releases clear mucus-like secretion to coat urethra.

115
Q

What is the anatomical organization of the prostate gland?

A

three layers of tubuloacinar glands: Transition zone; Central zone; and Peripheral zone.

116
Q

what are the products of the prostate

A

Proteolytic enzymes, high levels of zinc, citric acid, and acid phosphatase. Produce prostate specific antigens (helps in slow release of sperm)

117
Q

Primary area of prostate cancer in the layers of the prostate

A

the peripheral zone

118
Q

As the prostate ages, these become more and more numerous:

A

concretions or corpora amylacea in the glands!

FOM Quiz 6 (16 decks)

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