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Unit 2 > 10-10a Intro to Clinical Uses of Electrotherapy I > Flashcards

10-10a Intro to Clinical Uses of Electrotherapy I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses of Estim?

A

Neuromuscular dysfunction – NMES/FES

Pain - TENS

Wound/tissue healing - HVPC

Delivery of Pharmacological agents – Iontophoresis

Electric Muscle Stimulation (denervation) – EMS

Edema management

Evaluate nerve and muscle injury - NCV testing

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2
Q

What are the uses of Estim?

A

Neuromuscular dysfunction – NMES/FES (used to get stronger/improve m. control)

Pain - TENS

Wound/tissue healing - HVPC

Delivery of Pharmacological agents – Iontophoresis

Electric Muscle Stimulation (denervation) – EMS

Edema management

Evaluate nerve and muscle injury - NCV testing

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3
Q

What are the three types of electrical currents?

A

Direct Current, Alternating Current, and Pulsatile Current

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4
Q

What is DC?

A

Uninterrupted flow of charged particles

Moves from negative to positive

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5
Q

What is AC?

A

Flows from positive to negative repetitively without breaks

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6
Q

What is pulsatile current?

A

Space between the pulses

Monophasing (all positive) or biphasing (like alternating current: positive and negative

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7
Q

What are the three uses of Estim?

A

sensory (pain), motor (pain and strengthening), noxious (pain)

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8
Q

What is charge measured in?

A

Coulombs

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9
Q

What is Current measured in?

A

Amperes

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10
Q

What is voltage measured in?

A

volts

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11
Q

What is resistance measured in? What is it for?

A

ohms

DC

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12
Q

What is impedence measured in? What is it for?

A

ohms

alternating current/pulse current

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13
Q

What is capacitance? measured in?

A

Farads

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14
Q

What makes copper conductive?

A

metals with one valence electron can share their one valence electron easily

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15
Q

What does charge do to the body?

A

Provide charge on either end of electrodes that changes polarity of ions

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16
Q

What is current?

A

The movement of charged particles through a conductor in response to an applied electrical field

how fast the electrons are moving

1 Amp = 1C of charge/sec

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17
Q

What is voltage?

A

potential difference or electromotive force (EMF); a driving force that makes charged particles move; change in electrical potential energy b/w two points in an electric field/unit of charge

how much potential to drive the flow of electrons (9V battery has less potential difference than 12V battery)

1 volt = 1 Amp of current containing 1 ohm of resistance

18
Q

Voltage in hourglass

A

How much sand at the top to flow down

19
Q

Current in hourglass

A

how fast the sand flows down

20
Q

Resistance

A

Opposition to current (movement of charge particles); Flow of current inversely proportional to resistance

21
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

I = V/R

22
Q

resistance is equal to:

A

Rho * (length/cross-sectional area)

23
Q

What is Ro?

A

Rho= inversely proportional to water content

24
Q

What is Ro?

A

Rho= inversely proportional to water content
resistivity in biological tissues is inversely proportional to water content
Virtually all resistance at electrode-skin interface

25
Q

What is Ro?

A

Rho= inversely proportional to water content
resistivity in biological tissues is inversely proportional to water content
Virtually all resistance at electrode-skin interface

26
Q

What does skin and fat do to electrical current?

A

provides resistance

27
Q

What happens when resistors are in parallel?

A

1/resistance added for each resistor

28
Q

Between each electrode, what is providing resistance?

A

skin and fat in series (primary form of resistance), then n., m., and bone/other forms of resistance are in parallel

29
Q

While using NMES, 100 Volts meet 4.467k Coulombs.

What is the current reaching the peripheral nerves that innervate the m.?

A

V = IR
I=V/R
0.02 A or 20mA = 100 V/ 4,467 C

30
Q

What are the two applications of Ohm’s Law?

How can resistance change in a patient?

A

Constant Current Devices: Current constant despite R changes

Constant Voltage Devices: Constant V despite changes in R

Incision, perspiring, swelling, dying out of the electrode

31
Q

What would happen if imedance suddenly drops from 4.476 kCoulombs to 1 kCoulombs with a constant voltage device (100V)?

A

I = V/R
I = 100V/1000C
I = 0.1 A or 100mA
Current is higher

32
Q

What would happen if imedance suddenly drops from 4.476 kCoulombs to 1 kCoulombs with a constant current device (0.02 A)?

A 
V = IR
V = 1000 Coulombs * 0.02 A
V = 20 V
33
Q

Where does current flow?

How does this affect current flow when there is a break in the skin?

When electrodes touch?

When the electrodes are dry?

A

the path of least resistance

Current becomes much greater due to less resistance where the break of the skin lies

Brings a lot of current through a really small area

Sweat adds resistance; dryness prevents sticking and can also cause resistance

34
Q

What is the main reason for DC stimulation? What is this used for?

A

iontophoresis: Administers medication transdermally

Uses the polarity of drugs to push it into the tissue

35
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of DC current on the body? Effects when applied in excess?

A

therapeutic flow of ions to change polarity,
local increase in blood flow to restore pH

blistering, chemical burns, reaction is more caustic to skin

36
Q

What is the direction of flow of ions in regards to a black cathode and a red anode

A

Electrons flow towards the “negative” cathode and away from the anode “positive”

37
Q

Contraindications for EStim

A 
Cardiac problems-pacemakers/ICDs (less worrying for LE)
Electronic devices
Carotid Sinus
Larynx
Pregnancy (low back/abdomen)
Broken/damaged skin
DVT (local)
CA (local)
Recently radiated tissue
Chest (cardiac issues)
Neck/head (seizures)
On or near eyes

mostly considered risk vs reward

don’t do it over life sustaining organs

38
Q

What are precautions for Estim?

A 
Open skin lesions
Skin conditions
Open epiphysis
Mental status
Reduced sensation
Allergies
Metal implants
Cognitive/communication impairments
39
Q

What Estim requires specialized training?

A

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Reproductive organs/genitalia

40
Q

What does a bipolar set up consist of?

A

two channels

two electrodes

41
Q

What does a quadripolar set up?

A

Four electrodes

42
Q

Unipolar setup?

A

one active electrode/ultrasound head along with a large dispersive electrode to find source of pain

not commonly used

Unit 2 (29 decks)

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