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[lab] CommHealth > (1) Unit 4: Health Indicators > Flashcards

(1) Unit 4: Health Indicators Flashcards

1
Q

“the state of mental, physical and social well being, and does not merely connote the absence of illness.”

A

Health

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2
Q

Health is derived from the word ___ which means “___”

A

Hael
Whole

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3
Q

The mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects

A

Demography

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3
Q

5 operation processes of demography

A
  1. Fertility
  2. Mortality
  3. Migration
  4. Marriage
  5. Social mobility
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4
Q

Uses of demography

A
  1. determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area for planning, priority setting & for purposes of fund allocation.
  2. determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past.
  3. establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.
  4. predict future developments & their possible
    consequences.
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5
Q

Compares the number of males to the number of females

A

Sex ratio

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6
Q

Formula for sex ratio

A

Sex ratio = (no. of males / no. females) x 100

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7
Q

Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristics

A

Sex structure

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8
Q

The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population

A

Median age

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9
Q

Used to gauge whether the population is young or old

A

Median age

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10
Q

The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups

A

Age-dependency ratio

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11
Q

Formula for age-dependency ratio

A

(pop 0-14 yo + pop more than or equal to 65 yo) / pop 15-64 yo x 100

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12
Q

A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population

A

Population pyramid

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13
Q

Enables one to explain and describe the demographic trends of the population in the past

A

Population pyramid

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14
Q

Population pyramid:

High birth rate; rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates; short life expectancy

A

Stage 1 - expanding

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15
Q

Population pyramid:

High birth rate; fall in death rate as more living in middle age; slightly longer life expectancy

A

Stage 2 - expanding

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16
Q

Population pyramid:

Declining birth rate; low death rate; more people living to old age

A

Stage 3 - stationary

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17
Q

Population pyramid:

Low birth rate; low death rate; higher dependency ratio; longer life expectancy

A

Stage 4 - contracting

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18
Q

Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population

A

Health indicators

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19
Q

Health indicators are usually expressed as ___, ___, ___

A

Ratios, proportions, or rates

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20
Q

Uses of health indicators

A

.Determine factors that may contribute to causation & control of diseases
.Identify public health problems & needs
.Indicate priorities for resource allocation (health economics)
.Monitor health program implementation
.Evaluate health programs

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21
Q

Relative magnitude of quantities or a comparison of any two values.

A

Ratio

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22
Q

Calculated by dividing one interval or ratio scale variable by the other.

A

Ratio

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23
Q

T/F: in ratio, the numerator and denominator can be related

A

F

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24
Q

Formula for ratio

A

Number or rate in one group / Number or rate in another group

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25
Q

Comparison of a part to the whole

A

Proportion

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26
Q

A type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator

A

Proportion

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27
Q

Proportion is usually expressed in ___, ___, ___

A

Decimal, fraction, or percentage

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28
Q

Formula for proportion

A

(Number in a particular characteristic / total number in the subset) x 10^n

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29
Q

Ratio/Proportion:

In the United States in 2002, a total of 15,075 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. During the same year, 802 death were attributed to tuberculosis

A

Ratio

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30
Q

Measures the frequency of disease/events in a population during a specific time period

A

Rate

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31
Q

means how fast something is happening or going (how quickly disease occurs in a population)

A

Rate

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32
Q

Describes how quickly disease occurs in a population

A

Rate

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33
Q

Useful for comparing disease frequency in different locations, at different times, or among different groups with different sized populations

A

Rate

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34
Q

Basic measure in disease occurrences and vital statistics

A

Rate

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35
Q

Type of health indicator:

Access for health programs and facilities, availability of health resources (facilities, health manpower, finances)

A

Indicators for the provision of health care

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36
Q

Type of health indicator:

Cases consulting a health provider
Infants exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 month
Children fully vaccinated
People using treated bednets

A

Risk reduction indicators

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37
Q

Type of health indicator:

Prevalence, incidence

A

Health status indicator

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38
Q

Type of health indicator:

Crude and specific death rates, maternal mortality, infant mortality, neonatal mortality, etc.

A

Mortality

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39
Q

Type of health indicator:

Age-sex structure of the population
Population density
Migration

A

Population indicators

40
Q

Type of health indicator:

Level & distribution of economic wealth, types & levels of employment, school enrollment and adult literacy, etc.

A

Social and economic indicators

41
Q

Type of health indicator:

Quantity of suspended particulate matter, potability of drinking water, coliform counts, etc.

A

Environmental indicators

42
Q

Measures how fast people are added to the population

A

Crude birth rate (CBR)

43
Q

Formula for CBR

A

CBR = (no. of registered livebirths in year/midyear population) x 1000

44
Q

Measures the rate at which mortality occurs in a given population

A

Crude death rate (CDR)

45
Q

Formula for CDR

A

CDR = (total deaths in one year / total midyear population) x 1000

46
Q

The proportion of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval to the total number of deaths from all causes during the same time interval

A

Proportionate mortality rate

47
Q

Number of years for a given population to double

A

Population doubling time

48
Q

Population doubling time is based on ___

A

Crude annual growth rate %

49
Q

Formula for population doubling time

A

70/CAGR%

50
Q

Formula for crude annual growth rate (CAGR)

A

CAGR = CBR - CDR

50
Q

Formula for general fertility rate (GFR)

A

GFR = (no. of registered lb in a year / midyear population women 15-44 yo) x 1000

51
Q

Relates births to women of a certain age to the
number of women in that age group

A

Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

52
Q

Formula for age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)

A

ASFR = (births to women at certain age / women aged at the certain age) x 1000

53
Q

Formula for cause-of-death rate (CDR)

A

CDR = (no. if deaths in a specific cause in one year / midyear population) x 1000

54
Q

Used for determining the leading causes of mortality

A

Cause-of-death rate

55
Q

Formula for age-specific mortality rate (ASMR)

A

ASMR = (no. of deaths in one year in specific age group / population of age group) x 1000

56
Q

A sensitive index of the health conditions of the general population

A

Infant mortality rate

57
Q

Formula for infant mortality rate

A

(total deaths < 1 yo / no. of lb) x 1000

58
Q

Poor populations has ___ deaths per 1000 births per year

A

60-150

59
Q

Severe conditions has more than or equal to ___ deaths per 1000 births per year

A

200

60
Q

Neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old

A

< 28

61
Q

Post-neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old to ___ yo

A

28
1

62
Q

Perinatal mortality rate = ___ weeks gestation to ___ days

A

28
7

63
Q

Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes

A

Maternal mortality rate

64
Q

Formula for maternal mortaility rate (MMR)

A

MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / no. of lb in the same year) x 1000

MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / total women aged 15-44 in the same year) x 1000

65
Q

Formula for child mortality rate (CMR)

A

CMR = (total deaths in children 1-4 in 1 year / number of children aged 1-4 in same year) x 1000

66
Q

Formula for Under-five mortality rate

A

Infant mortality rate (IMR) + Child mortality rate (CMR)

67
Q

An alternative form of the incidence rate that is used when the nature of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period

A

Attack rate

68
Q

How is attack rate calculated?

A

no. of people who became ill / number of people at risk for the illness

69
Q

How much of the afflicted die from the disease

A

Case fatality rate

70
Q

The “killing power” of a disease

A

Case fatality rate (CFR)

71
Q

A higher CFR means ___

A

more fatal disease

72
Q

The probability of dying of a certain disease

A

Case fatality rate (CFR)

73
Q

Formula for CFR

A

CFR = (no. deaths due to a disease / no. cases of the disease) x 100

74
Q

A special kind of proportionate mortality ratio

A

Swaroop’s index

75
Q

Developed countries have ___ Swaroop’s index compared to developing countries

A

Higher

76
Q

Formula for Swaroop’s index

A

(no. deaths more than or equal to 50 yo / total no. of deaths) x 100

77
Q

Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)

A

Prevalence

78
Q

Measure the burden of the disease to the community

A

Prevalence

79
Q

Assess the public health impact of a disease

A

Prevalence

80
Q

Projection of medical care needs

A

Prevalence

81
Q

Proportion with the disease at a point in time

A

Prevalence

82
Q

Calendar time, birth, employment, retirement

A

“point in time”

83
Q

Formula for prevalence

A

(no. of cases at a point in time / total population) x 1000

84
Q

Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events

A

Incidence

85
Q

For identifying etiologic factors

A

Incidence

86
Q

2 types of incidence measures

A

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
Incidence density

87
Q

Indicator of trend

A

Incidence

88
Q

Evaluate program effectiveness

A

Incidence

89
Q

The probability that a person will develop within a specified period of time

A

Risk

90
Q

Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time

A

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

91
Q

The average risk of developing the “disease”

A

Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

92
Q

Formula for Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion

A

CI = (no. of cases that developed during the period / no. of persons followed up) x 1000

93
Q

Rate at which new cases occur

A

Incidence Density (ID)

94
Q

T/F: in calculating the incidence density, denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop

A

T

95
Q

Formular for incidence density (ID)

A

ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / ave. pop x duration of follow up) x F

ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / mid year pop) x F

96
Q

Measure of burden of disease (BOD) as present value of future years lost as result of disability and premature death

A

Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY)

[lab] CommHealth (9 decks)

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