(1) Unit 4: Health Indicators Flashcards
“the state of mental, physical and social well being, and does not merely connote the absence of illness.”
Health
Health is derived from the word ___ which means “___”
Hael
Whole
The mathematical & statistical study of the size, composition & spatial distribution of human populations & of changes over time in these aspects
Demography
5 operation processes of demography
- Fertility
- Mortality
- Migration
- Marriage
- Social mobility
Uses of demography
- determine the number & distribution of a population in certain area for planning, priority setting & for purposes of fund allocation.
- determine growth (or decline) & dispersal of population in the past.
- establish a “causal relationship” between population trends & various aspects of social organization.
- predict future developments & their possible
consequences.
Compares the number of males to the number of females
Sex ratio
Formula for sex ratio
Sex ratio = (no. of males / no. females) x 100
Compares the sex ratio across different categories/levels of another characteristics
Sex structure
The value which cuts-off the upper 50% and lower 50% of the ages of the population
Median age
Used to gauge whether the population is young or old
Median age
The computed value represents the number of dependents that need to be supported by every 100 persons in the economically-active groups
Age-dependency ratio
Formula for age-dependency ratio
(pop 0-14 yo + pop more than or equal to 65 yo) / pop 15-64 yo x 100
A graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population
Population pyramid
Enables one to explain and describe the demographic trends of the population in the past
Population pyramid
Population pyramid:
High birth rate; rapid fall in each upward age group due to high death rates; short life expectancy
Stage 1 - expanding
Population pyramid:
High birth rate; fall in death rate as more living in middle age; slightly longer life expectancy
Stage 2 - expanding
Population pyramid:
Declining birth rate; low death rate; more people living to old age
Stage 3 - stationary
Population pyramid:
Low birth rate; low death rate; higher dependency ratio; longer life expectancy
Stage 4 - contracting
Describe & summarize various aspects of health status of the population
Health indicators
Health indicators are usually expressed as ___, ___, ___
Ratios, proportions, or rates
Uses of health indicators
.Determine factors that may contribute to causation & control of diseases
.Identify public health problems & needs
.Indicate priorities for resource allocation (health economics)
.Monitor health program implementation
.Evaluate health programs
Relative magnitude of quantities or a comparison of any two values.
Ratio
Calculated by dividing one interval or ratio scale variable by the other.
Ratio
T/F: in ratio, the numerator and denominator can be related
F
Formula for ratio
Number or rate in one group / Number or rate in another group
Comparison of a part to the whole
Proportion
A type of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator
Proportion
Proportion is usually expressed in ___, ___, ___
Decimal, fraction, or percentage
Formula for proportion
(Number in a particular characteristic / total number in the subset) x 10^n
Ratio/Proportion:
In the United States in 2002, a total of 15,075 new cases of tuberculosis were reported. During the same year, 802 death were attributed to tuberculosis
Ratio
Measures the frequency of disease/events in a population during a specific time period
Rate
means how fast something is happening or going (how quickly disease occurs in a population)
Rate
Describes how quickly disease occurs in a population
Rate
Useful for comparing disease frequency in different locations, at different times, or among different groups with different sized populations
Rate
Basic measure in disease occurrences and vital statistics
Rate
Type of health indicator:
Access for health programs and facilities, availability of health resources (facilities, health manpower, finances)
Indicators for the provision of health care
Type of health indicator:
Cases consulting a health provider
Infants exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 month
Children fully vaccinated
People using treated bednets
Risk reduction indicators
Type of health indicator:
Prevalence, incidence
Health status indicator
Type of health indicator:
Crude and specific death rates, maternal mortality, infant mortality, neonatal mortality, etc.
Mortality
Type of health indicator:
Age-sex structure of the population
Population density
Migration
Population indicators
Type of health indicator:
Level & distribution of economic wealth, types & levels of employment, school enrollment and adult literacy, etc.
Social and economic indicators
Type of health indicator:
Quantity of suspended particulate matter, potability of drinking water, coliform counts, etc.
Environmental indicators
Measures how fast people are added to the population
Crude birth rate (CBR)
Formula for CBR
CBR = (no. of registered livebirths in year/midyear population) x 1000
Measures the rate at which mortality occurs in a given population
Crude death rate (CDR)
Formula for CDR
CDR = (total deaths in one year / total midyear population) x 1000
The proportion of deaths assigned to a specific cause during a given time interval to the total number of deaths from all causes during the same time interval
Proportionate mortality rate
Number of years for a given population to double
Population doubling time
Population doubling time is based on ___
Crude annual growth rate %
Formula for population doubling time
70/CAGR%
Formula for crude annual growth rate (CAGR)
CAGR = CBR - CDR
Formula for general fertility rate (GFR)
GFR = (no. of registered lb in a year / midyear population women 15-44 yo) x 1000
Relates births to women of a certain age to the
number of women in that age group
Age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)
Formula for age-specific fertility rate (ASFR)
ASFR = (births to women at certain age / women aged at the certain age) x 1000
Formula for cause-of-death rate (CDR)
CDR = (no. if deaths in a specific cause in one year / midyear population) x 1000
Used for determining the leading causes of mortality
Cause-of-death rate
Formula for age-specific mortality rate (ASMR)
ASMR = (no. of deaths in one year in specific age group / population of age group) x 1000
A sensitive index of the health conditions of the general population
Infant mortality rate
Formula for infant mortality rate
(total deaths < 1 yo / no. of lb) x 1000
Poor populations has ___ deaths per 1000 births per year
60-150
Severe conditions has more than or equal to ___ deaths per 1000 births per year
200
Neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old
< 28
Post-neonatal mortality rate = ___ days old to ___ yo
28
1
Perinatal mortality rate = ___ weeks gestation to ___ days
28
7
Death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes
Maternal mortality rate
Formula for maternal mortaility rate (MMR)
MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / no. of lb in the same year) x 1000
MMR = (no. of pregnancy-related deaths in year / total women aged 15-44 in the same year) x 1000
Formula for child mortality rate (CMR)
CMR = (total deaths in children 1-4 in 1 year / number of children aged 1-4 in same year) x 1000
Formula for Under-five mortality rate
Infant mortality rate (IMR) + Child mortality rate (CMR)
An alternative form of the incidence rate that is used when the nature of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period
Attack rate
How is attack rate calculated?
no. of people who became ill / number of people at risk for the illness
How much of the afflicted die from the disease
Case fatality rate
The “killing power” of a disease
Case fatality rate (CFR)
A higher CFR means ___
more fatal disease
The probability of dying of a certain disease
Case fatality rate (CFR)
Formula for CFR
CFR = (no. deaths due to a disease / no. cases of the disease) x 100
A special kind of proportionate mortality ratio
Swaroop’s index
Developed countries have ___ Swaroop’s index compared to developing countries
Higher
Formula for Swaroop’s index
(no. deaths more than or equal to 50 yo / total no. of deaths) x 100
Measures the frequency of existing disease (cases)
Prevalence
Measure the burden of the disease to the community
Prevalence
Assess the public health impact of a disease
Prevalence
Projection of medical care needs
Prevalence
Proportion with the disease at a point in time
Prevalence
Calendar time, birth, employment, retirement
“point in time”
Formula for prevalence
(no. of cases at a point in time / total population) x 1000
Measures the occurrence of new cases, episodes, events
Incidence
For identifying etiologic factors
Incidence
2 types of incidence measures
Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
Incidence density
Indicator of trend
Incidence
Evaluate program effectiveness
Incidence
The probability that a person will develop within a specified period of time
Risk
Proportion of “disease” free individuals who contract the “disease within a specified period of time
Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
The average risk of developing the “disease”
Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
Formula for Cumulative incidence or incidence proportion
CI = (no. of cases that developed during the period / no. of persons followed up) x 1000
Rate at which new cases occur
Incidence Density (ID)
T/F: in calculating the incidence density, denominator can either be ave. pop x followup period or the midyear pop
T
Formular for incidence density (ID)
ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / ave. pop x duration of follow up) x F
ID = (no. of cases that developed during the period / mid year pop) x F
Measure of burden of disease (BOD) as present value of future years lost as result of disability and premature death
Disability-adjusted Life Year (DALY)
