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MED 102- GENERAL CHEMISTRY > 1. THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER > Flashcards

1. THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is Chemistry?
A
  • the science that describes matter
  • it describes the different transformations of matter from one form to another
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2
Q
  1. Are chemical changes reversible?
A
  • NO
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3
Q
  1. Give me a scientific definition of an element.
A
  • an element is the most fundamental form of matter
  • it cannot be broken down by chemical methods (or reactions) into simpler substances
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4
Q
  1. Give me a basic definition of an element.
A
  • elements are made up of only one type of atom
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5
Q
  1. Give me a definition of the Periodic Table.
A
  • it is a logical arrangement of the known elements
  • in terms of their chemical properties
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6
Q
  1. What is the position of the element in the periodic table related to?
A
  • it is related to the chemical and physical properties of the element
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7
Q
  1. What are the rows in the Periodic Table called?
A
  • Periods
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8
Q
  1. What kind of elements do the Periods of the Periodic Table contain?
A
  • they contain chemically unrelated elements
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9
Q
  1. What are the columns in the Periodic table called?
A
  • Groups
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10
Q
  1. What kinds of elements do the Groups in the Periodic Table contain?
A
  • they contain chemically similar elements
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11
Q
  1. Where do soft metals appear on the Periodic Table?
A
  • they appear on the left hand side
  • they are the first 2 columns (1A and 2A)
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12
Q
  1. Which elements appear in the middle section (yellow part) of the Periodic Table?
A
  • the Transition Metals
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13
Q
  1. What are the light green elements defined as?
A
  • more metals
  • they are not Transition Metals
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14
Q
  1. What elements are the dark green ones?
A
  • they are metalloids (semi-metals)
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15
Q
  1. What are the light blue, dark blue and purple elements defined as?
A
  • Non-Metals
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16
Q
  1. Where do the non-metals appear on the Periodic Table?
A
  • on the right hand side
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17
Q
  1. List 2 properties of Transition metals.
A
  • hard
  • shiny
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18
Q
  1. What properties do metalloids have?
A
  • They have both the properties of metals and non-metals
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19
Q
  1. Are most elements monatomic, polyatomic or diatomic?
A
  • they are Monatomic
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20
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Monatomic.
A
  • made up of single atoms only
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21
Q
  1. How many diatomic elements are there in the Periodic table?
A
  • Seven
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22
Q
  1. What are diatomic elements?
A
  • Elements that consist of two identical joined atoms
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23
Q
  1. Name the 7 diatomic elements?
A
  • H2 (Hydrogen)
  • N2 (Nitrogen)
  • O2 (Oxygen)
  • F2 (Fluorine)
  • Cl2 (Chlorine)
  • Br2 (Bromine)
  • I2 (Iodine)
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24
Q
  1. What is a good way to remember the 7 diatomic elements?
A

Have
No
Fear
Of
Ice
Cold
Beer

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25
Q
  1. What is a triatomic element?
A
  • an element that consists of 3 identical atoms joined together
  • they occur like this in nature
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26
Q
  1. Name one Triatomic element.
A
  • Ozone (O3)
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27
Q
  1. Where can you find Ozone?
A
  • in the atmosphere
  • in the electrical discharge of lightning
  • in a photocopy room
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28
Q
  1. List 3 properties of Ozone.
A
  • sharp smell
  • pungent smell
  • toxic
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29
Q
  1. What are Polyatomic elements?
A
  • elements that have several identical atoms joined together
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30
Q
  1. Name two Polyatomic Elements.
A
  • P4 (Red Phosphorus)
  • S8 (Orthorhombic Sulphur)
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31
Q
  1. What orientation is S8 in?
A
  • Crown Rotation
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32
Q
  1. What is the name of Group 1/1A in the Periodic Table?
A
  • Alkali Metals
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33
Q
  1. What does Alkali mean?
A
  • alkali means that the metals completely dissolve in water to produce alkali
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34
Q
  1. How do Alkali Metals react with water?
    (Give 3 points)
A
  • Violently
  • Exothermic Reaction (large amounts of heat given off)
  • some catching on fire due to the production of hydrogen gas
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35
Q
  1. When does Hydrogen Gas start to behave like a metal?
A
  • when under very high pressure
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36
Q
  1. Is Hydrogen considered an Alkali metal?
A
  • NO
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37
Q
  1. Do Alkali metals float or sink in water?
    Why?
A
  • Alkali metals float in water
  • their density is often less than that of water
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38
Q
  1. What gas is released when an Alkali metal reacts with water?
    How does hydrogen react and why?
A
  • Hydrogen gas
  • hydrogen gas is combustible
  • it often catches on fire
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39
Q
  1. What kind of a solution does the chemical reaction between an alkali metal and water produce?
A
  • a basic (alkali) solution
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40
Q
  1. What happens to the alkali metal during its chemical reaction with water?
A
  • the metal usually disappears
  • it dissolves fully in water
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41
Q
  1. What happens to the chemical reactivity as we go down the group?
A
  • the reactivity increases
42
Q
  1. How does Lithium (Li) react to water?
A
  • it floats around
  • it does not catch on fire
43
Q
  1. How does Sodium (Na) react to water?
A
  • it catches on fire
44
Q
  1. How does Cesium (Cs) react to water and why?
A
  • it explodes
  • it is very reactive
45
Q
  1. What is the lowest Alkali metal?
    Give me one characteristic of this metal?
A
  • Francium (Fr) is the lowest alkali metal
  • it is radioactive
46
Q
  1. What is the name of Group 2/2A in the Periodic Table?
A
  • Alkaline Earth Metals
47
Q
  1. Are Alkaline Earth metals more or less reactive than Alkaline Metals?
A
  • They are less reactive
  • therefore, there are less exothermic reactions
48
Q
  1. What does Alkaline Earth mean?
A
  • it means that these elements are found in rocks in the Earth’s mantle
49
Q
  1. What is produced when an Alkaline Earth metal and water react?
A
  • hydrogen gas is produced
  • an alkaline (basic) solution is produced
50
Q
  1. What happens to the reactivity of Alkaline Earth metals as we go down the group?
A
  • it increases
51
Q
  1. Name one radioactive Alkaline Earth Metal.
A
  • Radium (Ra)
  • it is not used in classroom settings
52
Q
  1. Name 2 Alkaline Earth metals that are good for maintaining good health. Provide examples of what they help with.
A
  • Magnesium (Mg)
  • it is a supplement that helps to enhance biochemical pathways
  • it assists in relaxing muscles
  • eases muscle cramps
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • strengthens bones
  • strengthens teeth
53
Q
  1. What is the name of Group 6/6A in the Periodic Table?
A
  • Chalcogens
54
Q
  1. What is the derivative of the word Chalcogen?
A
  • “Chalco” means copper in Greek
  • “gen” means to give rise to in Greek
  • therefore, it means to give rise to Copper
55
Q
  1. Why are these elements called Chalcogens?
A
  • these elements are found in combination with copper in copper ores (rocks)
  • (especially with oxygen and sulphur)
  • proper chemical treatment of these ores then gives rise to copper metal
56
Q
  1. What is the name of Group 7/7A in the Periodic Table?
57
Q
  1. What kind of elements make up Group 7/7A?
A
  • Diatomic elements that exist like this in nature
58
Q
  1. What is the derivative of the word Halo?
A
  • “Halo” means salt in Greek
59
Q
  1. Why are the elements in Group 7/7A called Halogens?
A
  • these elements form common salts (NaCl)
    that are usually in combination with an alkali metal (Na, K, etc.)
60
Q
  1. Name one radioactive Halogen?
A
  • Astatine (At)
61
Q
  1. Describe the gas that Fluorine (F2) produces.
A
  • pale
  • yellow
  • extremely toxic
62
Q
  1. Describe the gas that Chlorine (Cl2) produces.
A
  • highly toxic
  • pale green
63
Q
  1. Which famous scientist utilised Cl2 and F2 gas as a war weapon?
    How is this an effective weapon?
A
  • Fritz Habert
  • Cl2 and F2 reacts with the water on the lung surface and forms an acid
  • this causes severe burns
64
Q
  1. What is the most reactive halogen?
A
  • Fluorine (Fl)
65
Q
  1. What colour and consistency is Bromine (Br2)?
A
  • it is an orange-brown colour
  • it is in liquid form
66
Q
  1. What colour and consistency is Iodine (I2)?
    How does it react when heated?
A
  • it is a black colour
    -it is a solid
  • it turns into a purple vapour when heated
67
Q
  1. What is the name of Group 8/8A in the Periodic Table?
A
  • Noble Gases
68
Q
  1. What is another name for Noble Gases?
A
  • Inert (non reactive) gases
69
Q
  1. Why are these gases considered inert?
A
  • they are very chemically non reactive
70
Q
  1. What is the main source of Noble Gases?
A
  • the atmosphere
71
Q
  1. What is the lightest Noble Gas?
A
  • Helium (He)
72
Q
  1. What is the most radioactive Noble Gas?
A
  • Radon
  • it is the 2nd most common cause of lung cancer
73
Q
  1. Is Uranium radioactive or not radioactive?
A
  • Radioactive
74
Q
  1. What is Helium (He) gas used for?
A
  • it is used in balloons to make them float in the air
  • it is used in blimps (airships)
  • it changes a person’s voice to become very thin for a while when breathed in
75
Q
  1. What is Neon (Ne) used for?
A
  • it is used in making illuminated advertisement signs
76
Q
  1. How does Radon (Rn) gas become a danger to people?
A
  • it floats upwards through the soil from the Nuclear fission (breakup) of Uranium
  • this Uranium is found in the Earth’s mantle
  • the gas is dangerous as it can come into contact with the lung tissue
77
Q
  1. When do inert/ noble gasses react chemically?
A
  • when they are put under extreme conditions
78
Q
  1. What happens to the reactivity of the element as we go down the group?
A
  • the chemical reactivity increases
79
Q
  1. What are the 3 categories of elements?
A
  • Metals
  • Semi-Metals/ Metalloids
  • Non-Metals
80
Q
  1. Name 5 characteristics of Metals?
A
  • shiny
  • conduct heat very well
  • conduct electricity very well
  • malleable (pounded into sheets)
  • ductile (drawn into wires)
81
Q
  1. Give me one example of an element that has been pounded into sheets?
A
  • Aluminium paper
82
Q
  1. Which metal in the Periodic table is not a solid?
A
  • Mercury (Hg)
83
Q
  1. Give one example of an element that has been drawn into wires?
A
  • guitar strings made out of stainless steel
84
Q
  1. Give the three states of matter that Non-Metals are divided into?
A
  • gases
  • liquids
  • solids
85
Q
  1. List 2 characteristics of Non-Metal solids?
A
  • they are brittle (shatter easily)
  • poor conductors of heat and electricity
86
Q
  1. What is an example of a non-metal that is brittle?
A
  • a piece of charcoal
87
Q
  1. What are two exceptions of non-metals that are hard and good conductors of electricity?
A
  • Carbon (in the form of a diamond) is very hard and not brittle
  • Graphite (a form of carbon) is a very good conductor of heat and electricity
88
Q
  1. Provide a definition for Metalloids and an example.
A
  • Metalloids are intermediate between metals and non-metals
  • an example is Silicon
89
Q
  1. What are the Metalloid properties of Silicon?
A
  • it conducts electricity well under certain conditions (like a metal)
  • it is brittle (like a non-metal)
90
Q
  1. Provide the names for blocks labelled 1-7.
A
  1. Matter
  2. Pure Substances
  3. Mixtures
  4. Elements
  5. Compounds
  6. Homogenous
  7. Heterogeneous
91
Q
  1. Provide a definition for a Pure Substance.
A
  • it is a substance that it not mixed with anything else
  • it is made up of one type of material only
92
Q
  1. Provide 3 examples of Pure Substances.
A
  • 24 Karat Gold (made up of only gold atoms)
  • Distilled Water (made up of only H2O molecules)
  • Sugar Cubes (made of of Sucrose only)
  • Sucrose is made up of only three elements (Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen)
93
Q
  1. Why is Tap Water not a pure substance?
A
  • it contains dissolved salts in water
94
Q
  1. What are the 2 categories of Pure Substances?
A
  • elements
  • compounds
95
Q
  1. What is the definition of an element.
    Provide an example.
A
  • elements are made up of one type of atom only
  • Eg: 24 Karat gold made of only gold atoms
96
Q
  1. What is the definition of a compound?
A
  • a compound is a combination of different elements
  • Eg: Sugar Cubes (made of Sucrose only)
    (Sucrose consists of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen elements mixed into a molecule)
97
Q
  1. Provide a definition of a Mixture.
A
  • a mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances
98
Q
  1. What are the two groups that Mixtures are divided into called?
A
  • Homogeneous mixtures
    (also known as solutions)
  • Heterogeneous Mixtures
99
Q
  1. What is a Homogeneous Mixture?
    provide an example.
A
  • it is a visually indistinguishable solution
  • it looks the same throughout
  • Eg: tomato juice
100
Q
  1. What is a Heterogeneous mixture?
    Provide an example.
A
  • it is a mixture made up of visually discernible (identifiable) components
  • Eg: a bowl of mixed nuts
101
Q
  1. Read over this summary.
    Do you feel confident in your knowledge?

MED 102- GENERAL CHEMISTRY (27 decks)

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