1: Post-menopausal disorders Flashcards
Define post menopausal bleeding
Bleeding after 12 months amenorrhoea in women where menopause can be expected
What is the most severe cause of post-menopausal bleeding
Endometrial cancer
How should all post menopausal bleeding be treated
As endometrial cancer until proved otherwise
What % of post-menopausal bleeding is endometrial cancer
10
What is the most common cause of post-menopausal bleeding
Vaginal atrophy
What else are causes of post-menopausal bleeding
- Bleeding disorder
- Endometrial hyperplasia
- Cervical cancer
- Vaginal cancer
- Vulval cancer
- HRT = causes spotting
- Trauma
How should all women >55-years with post-menopausal bleeding be investigated
TV-US in 2W referral
What is the cut-off for biopsy on TV-US
> 5mm
What is used after TV-US to exclude endometrial cancer
Pipette biopsy or hysteroscopy and biopsy
What tumour marker may be ordered and what for
CA-125
Define urogenital prolapse
Prolapse of pelvic organs in the vagina
What prolapses in urethrocystocele
Bladder and urethra
Where does a urethrocystocele prolapse
Lower anterior vaginal wall
What prolapses in cystocele
Bladder
Where does a cystocele prolapse
Upper anterior vaginal wall
What is a rectocele
Rectum prolapses
Where does a rectocele prolapse
Lower posterior vaginal wall
What is a enterocoele
Bowel prolapses in pouch of Douglas
Where does an enterocoele prolapse
Upper posterior vaginal wall
What is a uterine prolapse
Uterus prolapses into cervix taking vagina
What is found anterior upper wall
Cystocele
What is found anterior lower wall
Urethrocystocele
What is found posterior upper wall
Enterocoele
What is found posterior lower wall
Rectocele
