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10411 - ALD > (1) Normal Language And Cognitive Effects > Flashcards

(1) Normal Language And Cognitive Effects Flashcards

1
Q

an arbitrary code in which
others may actually identify or retrieve the meaning as well as express themselves

A

Language

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2
Q

The 3 main mental functions of cognition

A

Three main mental functions: (1) attention,
(2) perception, (3) memory

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3
Q

T or F: If cognition is identified with information processing, and we think of language use as information processing then it’s consistent to think of language functions as embedded in cognition.

A

True

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4
Q

umbrella term for all higher mental processes… the collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding.

A

Cognition

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5
Q

we interpret what we get from our senses;

A

Perceiving

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6
Q

all about recalling past events and information

A

Remembering

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7
Q

all about imagining and analyzing things

A

Thinking

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8
Q

Making sense of something new

A

Understanding

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9
Q

the base level of attention

A

Arousal

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10
Q

the inability to ignore irrelevant inputs can be an impediment to successful communication.

A

Cocktail party problem

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11
Q

Cognitive process that concentrates mental e ort on on external stimulus or an internal representation or thought

A

Attention

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12
Q

In attention we need:

A

Arousal and vigilance

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13
Q

the basic mechanism for selecting sensory information that can be
used for cognitive processing.

A

Input attention

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14
Q

reflex towards an unexpected stimulus

A

orienting reflex

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15
Q

capture with significance

A

Attention capture

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16
Q

Driven by physical characteristics namely significance, novelty of the item, and social
cues.

A

Attention capture

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17
Q

Focusing, resisting distraction so that cognition becomes manageable

A

selective attention

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18
Q

Focusing mechanism that prepares the processor to deal with information based on expectation.

A

Spotlight Attention

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19
Q

Confront multiple stimuli or processes at the same time, dual tasking

A

Divided attention

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20
Q

ability to hold information in
our head. It is important to the brain’s ability to perform even the simplest of action.

A

Memory

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21
Q

retrieving something from your memory.

A

Recognition

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22
Q

retention of information in the mind beyond the life of an external stimulus

A

memory

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23
Q

the form of
information represented in our mind

A

mental representation

24
Q

the same basic knowledge of objects and actions, living and nonliving things

A

Semantic memory

25
Q

has limited capacity for transient representations

A

Working Memory

26
Q

limited, so it is challenging to manage inputs from the environment and from LTM

A

Working memory

27
Q

Information in STM either decays or more likely is pushed out by incoming stimulation. That is what you call

A

Interference

28
Q

have as much to do with the capacity for doing work as they do for storing content. Therefore, the expanded to working memory

A

Transient Memory

29
Q

Brain reacts (process) without our conscious control in response to a stimulus

A

Automatic processing

30
Q

2 information processing in working memory

A

Automatic and Controlled Processing

31
Q

Automatic processing is

A
  1. It is subconscious
  2. It is obligatory in nature
  3. It takes up little or no room in WM
  4. Fasts tasks
32
Q

Also known as the strategic processing

A

Controlled Processing

33
Q

Controlled Processing is

A

Can be conscious
Can be intentional
It is effortful
Slow tasks

34
Q

The input of WM are

A

bottom up and top down

35
Q

Influenced by characteristics of environmental input

A

bottom-up

36
Q

Bottom-up WM is

A

Stimulus and data driven

37
Q

Directed by what we already know (based on our prior knowledge)

A

Top-down

38
Q

Top-down WM is

A

Concept driven

39
Q

Elements of an executive system

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Goal maintenance
  3. Organization
  4. Self monitoring and modification
40
Q

Activation of a cognitive system

A

Initiation

41
Q

Task persistence

A

Goal Maintenance

42
Q

Organization of action sequence

A

Organization

43
Q

Self monitoring: awareness

A

Self monitoring and modification

44
Q

Cognitive system activates automatically as soon as a sentence is initiated and continues as the sentence is heard or read

A

Sentence comprehension

45
Q

More di cult than basic and sentence comprehension

A

Discourse Processing

46
Q

It needs a lot of interpretative information from the Long Term Memory (LTM), thus causing constraint in processing

A

Bottleneck Problem

47
Q

Studies the mind that participates in conversation

A

Social Cognition

48
Q

Studies the mind’s automaticity, as well as its strategies, when presented with real communicative problems

A

Cognitive pragmatics

49
Q

When a patient ages, the concept of WM is a ected too. Remember:

A

ST retention of info
Manipulation of info

50
Q

WM increases in childhood and declines in late adulthood

A
  1. Processing speed
  2. Neural integrity
  3. Breakdown in inhibitory functions
51
Q

WM and EF are believed to be subserved by the prefrontal cortex (Raz, 2005) + nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmitter system (Arnset, et. al 1995)

A

○ Both are a ected by aging → a ects WM and EF tasks
○ Loss of brain volume → reduced prefrontal activation
○ Age-related declines in dopamine system → reduced input to frontal cortex

52
Q

T or F: Older adults are more vulnerable to distractions as a result of a weakening of inhibitory mechanisms with age (Hasher and Zacks, 1988)

A

True

53
Q

3 functions of inhibition (Hasher, Zacks, and May, 1999)

A

Preventing irrelevant info from entering WM
Deleting irrelevant info from WM
Restraining probable responses until their appropriateness can be assessed

54
Q

Talking a lot, but drifting from topic to topic, weaving many unrelated and irrelevant topics into the conversation

A

Off-Target Vocabulary

55
Q

T or F: OA were unable to divide attention between two sources of info (written and visual) (Stine, Wingfield, and Myers, 1990)

A

TRUE

10411 - ALD (5 decks)

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