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Geography/History > 1. Native Peoples > Flashcards

1. Native Peoples Flashcards

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1
Q

What was glaciation?

A

Huge ice flows covered the Northern Hemisphere caused by a drop in sea levels.

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2
Q

What did theories depend on back in time?

A

Artifacts

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3
Q

What happened in 32,000 BCE

A

The Northern Hemisphere was entrenched in the last ice age period. A drastic drop in global temperatures causing large bodies of water to freeze, caused a drop in sea levels where massive glaciers pushed their way across the Northern Hemisphere.

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4
Q

What date showed evidence of the first humains in the Americas?

A

32,000 BCE

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5
Q

What theory was used to explain how the first occupants came to the Americas?

A

The Bering Strait theory

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6
Q

What is the Bering Strait Theory?

A

Receding glaciers caused a drop in ocean levels which formed an ice free plane between Asia and Alaska.

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7
Q

What was the bridge called?

A

The Beringia

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8
Q

What happened to the Beringia?

A

After a period of 1,000 years, melting glaciers retreating into the sea rose water levels which submerged the land bridge under water which made it harder for the First Nations to cross.

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9
Q

Who used the territory of the Beringia?

A

Animal herds like caribou, bison, mammoths and other types of game went there to feed, so hunters would follow them and crossed Beringia to get to the Americas.

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10
Q

What were they’re motivations for crossing Beringia?

A

To search for food, to follow animal migrations, to look for fertile land, lack of resources where they lived, they were nomadic, they wanted a better climate.

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11
Q

What is nomadic?

A

Not having a fixed home and moving from place to place?

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12
Q

What happened in 15,000 BCE?

A

Glaciers began to retreat and sea levels rised.

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13
Q

What happened in 10,000 BCE?

A

The glaciers retreated far enough north that the First Occupants were able to settle in northern territories.

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14
Q

What did the first occupants develop in a new environment?

A

Language, culture and ways of living.

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15
Q

How did environment shape culture?

A

Different kinds of food, animals, clothing, transportation, traditions, religions, languages, techniques and housing.

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16
Q

What were three groups of Native peoples?

A

Inuit, Algonquians and Iroquoians.

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17
Q

When did the Native nations settle?

A

1500

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18
Q

What territory do the Inuits occupy?

A

The most northern territory of Canada.

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19
Q

Who were Inuits descendants of?

A

First occupants that settled.

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20
Q

What is sedentary?

A

Living in one place.

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21
Q

Were Inuits nomadic or sedentary?

A

Nomadic

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22
Q

What is subsistence?

A

Way of surviving from the food they eat.

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23
Q

What did the Inuit rely on as their primary means of subsistence?

A

Hunting and fishing

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24
Q

What did they move according to?

A

Change of seasons

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25
Q

Where did they go during the summer?

A

Snow free lands where they built camps near water.

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26
Q

Where did they migrate to during the winter?

A

They followed animal migrations for subsistence and built camps on ice formed by frozen sea water.

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27
Q

What type of animals did they follow?

A

Deer, moose, bison, caribou

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28
Q

What were the roles of Inuit men?

A

Fished an hunted, built dwellings, made boats tools and weapons, saw to the education of boys.

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29
Q

What were the roles of Inuit women?

A

Skinned and cleaned mammals and game, prepared meals, hunted small game, gathered eggs, urchins and mussels, saw to the education of girls, made clothing.

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30
Q

What did they use as transportation during the winter and summer?

A

They used sleds with ivory or bone runners during the winter and kayaks during the summer.

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31
Q

What were their shelters during the winter and summers?

A

They slept in igloos during the winter and tent structures during the summer.

32
Q

What did their environment influence?

A

What they wear, eat, what they live in, transportation, religion, location.

33
Q

What does Inuit art reflect on?

A

History

34
Q

What territory did the Algonquians occupy?

A

The eastern and central quebec.

35
Q

What was their climate like?

A

It varied from the territory’s most northern and southern points since their territory was so large.

36
Q

Were they nomadic or sedentary?

A

Nomadic

37
Q

Why were Algonquians nomadic?

A

They settled in seasonal camps during the summer and hunting sites during winter?

38
Q

What were their primary means of subsistence?

A

It changed with the seasons. They mainly relied on hunting, but they also fished to even out their diets. They also gathered.

39
Q

What did their subsistence depend on?

A

Food availability

40
Q

How did they know where they were going?

A

They left Nunshulks to remember where they were going.

41
Q

What were the roles of Algonquian men?

A

Fished and hunted, built dwellings, made tools and weapons, saw to the education of boys.

42
Q

What were the roles of Algonquian women?

A

Skinned and cleaned mammals and game, prepared meals, hunted small game, gathered eggs, berried and roots, made clothing, saw to the education of girls.

43
Q

Why were Native people considered savages?

A

Europeans considered their way of life less civilized than their own.

44
Q

What did Algonquians sleep in?

A

Wigwams which were structures made from wooden poles, animal hides and birch bark.

45
Q

Why were wigwams useful?

A

They were easy to assemble and could easily be transported which suited their nomadic way of life.

46
Q

What were their modes of transportation?

A

They used canoes during the spring and summer. During winter they used toboggans to transport materials, food and supplies. They also used snowshoes to walk in the snow.

48
Q

What territory did the Iroquoians occupy?

A

St Lawerence Valley and the Great Lakes region.

49
Q

What type of climate did they have?

A

They had a warmer climate since they lived more south.

50
Q

What were their primary means of subsistence?

A

Farming

51
Q

What types of nutrients did they grow?

A

Corn, squash and beans.

52
Q

Why was farming sustainable?

A

The squash blocked out weeds, the corn provided poles for the beans and the beans provided soil with nitrogen which all things need to grow.

53
Q

What is ideology?

A

A way of thinking

54
Q

How did farming effect their ideology?

A

Farming is a different way of life. Prayers , ceremonies, myths and legends all connect to farming.

55
Q

What were the roles of Iroquoian men?

A

Fished and hunted, participated in trade, built dwellings, went to war if needed, educated boys.

56
Q

What were the roles of Iroquoian women?

A

In charge of all farming related activities, hunted small game, collected nuts, berries, maple tree sap, made pottery reed mats and other goods, saw to young children, educated girls.

57
Q

How did Iroquoians clear land to build dwellings?

A

They used the slash and burn technique which was burning tree drunks to be knocked down and burned all the wood from the trees.

58
Q

How did Iroquoians construct their village?

A

They were constructed inside wall settlements which consisted of sharpened poles known as palisades so no one could climb over.

59
Q

What did they live in?

A

Longhouses, which could hold 25-60 inhabitants which were family or family friends.

60
Q

How were longhouses built?

A

They were built with a wooden frame work and birch bark walls. There were openings in the ceilings which allowed smoke to escape, they stayed there all year round.

61
Q

What did Iroquoians use as transportation?

A

They used canoes, toboggans and snowshoes which had varied in style since they were sedentary.

62
Q

How did the environment shape their way of living and culture.

A

Construction of living space, settlement, following animal migrations, clothing, diet, religion, transportation, shelter, myths, legends.

63
Q

Why were they sedentary?

A

Farming led them to establish permanent settlements to grow crops.

64
Q

What did trading foster?

A

It fostered the development of First nations alliances and relationships.

65
Q

How did First Nations maintain clear lines of communication and efficient transportation?

A

They wanted to have a fast transportation to get somewhere faster that is efficient for communication.

66
Q

What was trade used for?

A

Satisfy needs.

67
Q

What did groups generally trade?

A

Whatever materials they had a surplus of or was easy to access.

68
Q

When would Iroquoians and Algonquians trade?

A

In times of peace.

69
Q

What would happen to nations that actively traded?

A

They would become political and military partners.

70
Q

What were trade gatherings held for?

A

Opportunities to hold diplomatic discussions, renew alliances, maintain peace.

71
Q

Why was copper an item that was valuable to Native people.

A

It didn’t need high temperatures to melt.

72
Q

What would Iroquoians and Algonquians trade?

A

Iroquoians traded pottery and corn, squash and beans with Algonquians in exchange for meat and fur.

73
Q

What were reasons for having alliances?

A

To conduct trade, defend each other, fight a common enemy, maintain political relationship.

74
Q

What were reasons for conflict with trade?

A

The contesting of hunting territories, forced control over territory to gain certain goods, when groups defended tolls to other nations for crossing their territory.

75
Q

How could the First Nations concept of territory lead to outbreaks of war?

A

It’s a symbol of power, it would be free to people in that band or nation but not to everyone.

76
Q

What would happen to some Iroquoian prisoners?

A

Instead of being tortured and killed, they would be adopted into families to replace members who had been lost.

77
Q

Who decides if the prisoner should be adopted or not?

A

The clan mother

78
Q

What were mourning wars?

A

Wars that were purposely motivated by the need to take captives in order to replace the deceased.

Geography/History (11 decks)

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