1. Introductory topics Flashcards
blood volume
10-12 pints or 6 liters
plasma, ———–—for coagulation factor deficiencies
plasma, cryoprecipitate—for coagulation factor deficiencies
apheresis
collection of only certain portions of blood from a donor
discovered ABO groups
Carl Landsteiner
goal of BB
to provide safe and effective transfusions to patients
Chromosome
a structure within a nucleus that contains a single strand of DNA
Homozygous
Heterozygous
inheritance of same/different allele from each parent
Dosage effect
serologic differences between a homozygous person and a heterozygous person
Gene
a single unit of genetic information, which codes for a protein
Allele
one of 2+ different forms of a gene at a specific locus
Locus
the specific site of a gene along the chromosome
Dominant
expressed phenotypically when homozygous or heterozygous
Recessive
only expressed phenotypically when homozygous
Codominant
both alleles are expressed phenotypically
Linkage
the association between distinct genes that occupy closely situated loci along a chromosome
inherited as a group (haplotypes)
Allelic gene interaction; position effect
interaction of two genes positioned cis or trans to one another (same chromosome or opposite chromosome)
Example of position effect
weak D in trans position to C gene
Amorph
gene that, in homozygous form, results in a null phenotype; no expression of usual BG antigens
Polymorphism
a genetic system that expresses two or more phenotypes
ABO genes code for a ———– that attaches an oligosaccharide to a protein backbone
ABO genes code for a transferase that attaches an oligosaccharide to a protein backbone
how to find number of units to screen
units needed/proportion of compatible units
T cell functions
recognition of self vs nonself
presentation of antigen to macrophages
opsonization
cytokine production
cytotoxicity
B-cell → ———— → plasma cell
B-cell → immunoblast → plasma cell
anamnestic response
rapid secondary response of memory cells
have receptor for diminished antigen
AB antigens are glycolipids stuck onto ——–
ceramide
immunogenicity
measure of the ability of an antigen to elicit an immune response
primary lag phase
secondary lag phase
3 days
10 days
sensitization
binding of antibody or complement components to an RBC
most affected by LISS, temperature, incubation time, pH, enzymes
sensitization
most affected by Ag-Ab ratio, centrifugation, albumin, PEG, Ig class, AHG, enzymes
lattice formation
agglutination requires a ——– antigen
multivalent
in indirect agglutination, ——– is necessary to create linkages between Fc portions of IgG molecules
AHG
general function of enhancement media/potentiators
lower Zeta potential (= charge) of RBCs
ideal for Ag-Ab rxns; diluent; washing
saline
bipolar macromolecule; allows IgG to access RBCs; pushes RBCs together
albumin
cleave some of the antigens, and exposes others (such as Rh); reduces negative charge of cells
proteolytic enzymes
reduces ionic strength of reaction media; draws ions away from RBC surface; ↑ Ag-Ab affinity
LISS
steric exclusion of water; brings Ag-Ab closer together; used most frequently
PEG
tertiary reaction, completing task started by Ab
complement cascade
inhibit complement in vitro
anticoags (EDTA, sodium, hydrogen)
heating
in vitro complement binding leads to….
coagulation cascade and clotted blood
intravascular hemolysis signs
red plasma, red urine, ghost cells
extravascular hemolysis signs
yellow plasma, yellow urine, coated and sequestered RBCs
