1. Introduction and Overview of the Abdomen

Question 1

The abdominal cavity is subdivided by the plane of

Answer 1

Pelvic inlet

Question 2

The abdominal cavity is subdivided by the plane of the
pelvic inlet into

Answer 2

Larger upper part : abdominal cavity proper

smaller lower part : pelvic cavity

Question 3

Clinically, the term abdominal cavity stands for

Answer 3

Abdominal

cavity proper

Question 4

The boundaries of the abdominal cavity are

Answer 4

Superiorly: Diaphragm, which separates it from the thoracic cavity.

Inferiorly: Continues with the pelvic cavity at the pelvic inlet.

Anteriorly: Anterior abdominal wall, formed by muscles.

Posteriorly: Posterior abdominal wall, formed by lumbar vertebrae and muscles.

Laterally: Lower ribs and parts of muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

Question 5

What occupies the abdominal cavity

Answer 5

The organs and glands of the digestive and urinary systems

Question 6

The organs and glands in abdominal cavity

Answer 6

1. Stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
2. Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
3. Two kidneys and upper part of the ureters.
4. Adrenal glands (also known as supra renal glands).
5. Other structures include blood vessels, lymph vessels,
   nerves, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Question 7

Shape of Pelvic Cavity

Answer 7

Funnel shaped

Question 8

The boundaries of the pelvic cavity are

Answer 8

Superiorly: Continuous with the abdominal cavity at the pelvic inlet.

Inferiorly: Pelvic diaphragm.

Posteriorly: Sacrum and coccyx.

Anteriorly: Pubic bones.

Laterally: Hip bones.

Question 9

The part of the pelvis below the pelvic diaphragm is termed

Answer 9

Perineum

Question 10

The pelvic cavity contains what structures

Answer 10

1. Loops of the small intestine.
2. Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
3. Urinary bladder, lower part of the ureters, and urethra.
4. Reproductive organs:
   (a) Prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and ejaculatory ducts in male.
   (b) Uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and vagina in female.

Question 11

The walls of the abdominal cavity and most of the viscera present within it are covered or enclosed by an extensive serous membrane called

Answer 11

Peritoneum

Question 12

The peritoneum consists of

Answer 12

Parietal and visceral layers

Question 13

Peritoneum encloses a cavity called

Answer 13

Peritoneal Cavity

Question 14

All the abdominal viscera are intra-abdominal but

extraperitoneal except

Answer 14

The ovaries

Question 15

What is perineum

Answer 15

A region at the lower end of trunk and seen as a diamond-shaped area when thighs are abducted.

Question 16

The boundaries of perineum

Answer 16

Anteriorly: Pubic symphysis.
Posteriorly: Coccyx
Laterally: Ischiopubic rami (anteriorly) and sacrotuberous ligaments (posteriorly).

The roof of perineum is formed by the pelvic diaphragm
and its floor is formed by the skin.

Question 17

The contents of perineum are

Answer 17

external genitalia (penis and scrotum with its contents in male and vulva in female) and anus.

Question 18

The abdominal viscera includes

Answer 18

Stomach and intestines, their associated glands (liver and pancreas), blood and lymph vessels, spleen, kidney, and supra renal glands.

Question 19

The pelvic viscera in males are

Answer 19

Urinary bladder, prostate, and

rectum

Question 20

The pelvic viscera in females are

Answer 20

Urinary bladder, uterus, and rectum.

Question 21

The abdominal cavity is conventionally divided by the

clinicians into

Answer 21

9 regions:

1. Epigastric
2. Umbilical region
3. Hypogastric
4. Right hypochondriac
5. Right Lumbar
6. Right Iliac fossa
7. Left hypochondriac
8. Left Lumbar
9. Left Iliac fossa

4 quadrants:
Upper R
Lower R
Lower L
Upper L

Question 22

The protrusion of an organ through the wall,

which contains/retains is called

Answer 22

Hernia

Question 23

Common types of abdominal Hernia

Answer 23

Inguinal, umbilical, femoral, and incisional