1. History: Globalising world Flashcards by Dinara Dammika

Australian Immigration and Society Post-War

Population and Immigration Campaign
* Australia was a refugee country during the Japanese occupation in 1939.
* After the war ended in 1945, the government and society aimed to increase the population by 1% annually.
* The Curtin government reassured the populace that only the most suitable immigrants would be chosen.

Prime Minister Robert Menzies
* Menzies was elected twice, first from 1939 to 1941 and then from 1949 to 1966.
* His administration led to a ‘long boom’ with reduced unemployment, increased wages, and improved quality of life for many Australians.

Women and Work
* Post-war, women found work in industries like munitions production, nursing, and the Women’s Land Army.
* Despite the war, women were expected to return home and resume their duties.
* Women in the workforce were usually given a lower wage than their male counterparts.
* In 1949–50, the National Council of Women and the Australian Federation of Business and Professional Clubs petitioned for women to receive equal pay.

Prosperity Increases in the 1950s
* Despite the influx of migrants, Australia was a predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon society.
* The majority of people sought entertainment in film, bonded over sports, and learned about current affairs from radio, newspapers, and the Movietone news.
* The relative peace and prosperity led to a ‘baby boom’.

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The Impact of Communications Technology and American Popular Culture on Australian Society

Advances in communications technology introduced American popular culture to baby boomers, leading to a questioning of their parents’ social and political views.
The nation’s loyalty to its English roots and the concept of ‘Australian’ were challenged.
The ‘Cold War’ tensions between the US and Russia threatened global peace and stability.
The Doomsday Clock, a metaphor for the looming catastrophe, was unveiled in 1947.
Suburban life in the 1960s saw women’s rights movements transform Australian society, with women dominating domestic roles.
The kitchen was a hub of women’s daily life, with modern lines and pastel colors.
Men wore suits and tie to dinner parties, while women wore the latest floral designs.
The dream home of the 1960s was a brick, single-level modern design.
The living room was the pride of the house, with furniture and art showcasing the owner’s style.
Children were expected to remain silent unless spoken to.
Teenagers entertained themselves by listening to music, gossiping, or practicing the latest dance craze.

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Superpowers in Conflict: The Cold War

Post-World War II, two superpowers emerged: the United States and the Soviet Union.
The US, led by the United States, believed in democracy, private resource ownership, and free-market capitalism, while the Soviet Union had a one-party government, state-owned resources, and a state-run economy.
The US was the first to develop the atomic bomb, and the Cold War dominated world affairs for 50 years.
Conflicts were not directly between the superpowers, but were conducted through their allies or dependent states.
The conflict was centered around a battle of ideologies. The Western Bloc countries, led by the US, were capitalist, believing in private ownership of resources and market-based resource allocation.
The Eastern Bloc countries were communist, believing in collective resource ownership and government control.
The US supported brutal and corrupt dictators in Third World countries due to fear of communism.
The Cold War was a power struggle and battle of ideologies between the US and the Eastern Bloc nations.

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The Cold War and the Rise of India and China
* Cold War tensions were fueled by an arms race between superpowers, each aiming to dominate the world.
* The first man in space was Russian Yuri Gagarin, who successfully orbited Earth on 12 April 1961.
* The rise of India and China, both with large populations, strong militaries, and rapidly developing economies, threatens the dominant role of the United States.
* Australia’s relations with these superpowers have been straining, with China being Australia’s largest trading partner.
* The Belt and Road Initiative, proposed in 2022, aims to connect China economically with its neighbours via sea and land.
* In 2021, India became the third most common place of birth for Australian residents, surpassing New Zealand and China.
* Australia’s fear of communism led to security treaties with the US and wars with the US.
* Australians took comfort in their close relationship with the United States, but conservative politicians warned of internal infiltration and communist sympathizers spreading their ideas.

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Australia’s Cold War Strategy and Treaties

In 1954, Russian diplomat Vladimir Petrov was granted political asylum in Australia, despite claims of Soviet spies.
The incident was used to fear voters during the 1954 federal election campaign, which was won by Menzies.
Australia signed the ANZUS Pact (1951) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to tie the country to the US during the Cold War.
The ANZUS Pact was a three-way alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the US, pledging to cooperate on defense matters and aid each other if attacked.
The SEATO was disbanded in 1977 due to internal disputes.
Australia’s main objective was to block the spread of communism through South-East Asia, using the ‘domino theory’ and forward defence strategy.
Australia supported the Malaysian government against communist rebels and fought in two major wars in the name of anti-communism.
The post-World War II period known as the Cold War was largely influenced by the competing ideologies of the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Power Vacuum in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia Post-Japanese Devastation

The 1945 Japanese defeat left a power vacuum in eastern and south-eastern Asia, leading to conflicts between capitalism and communism.
Colonial rulers like the French in Indo-China, the Dutch in Indonesia, and the British sought to re-establish control in Burma, Singapore, and northern Borneo.
Some countries gained or regained independence, while others had temporary administrations established by the victorious Allied powers.
French colonial rulers in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos sought to re-establish their rule in 1945, but faced resistance due to local inhabitants viewing the defeat as an opportunity to gain independence.
The Philippines gained independence in 1946, but Communists attempting revolts were quickly put down by the government.
Indonesia, formerly the Dutch East Indies, declared independence after the Japanese surrender, but the Dutch attempted to re-assert control, but were met with armed resistance.
Korea was divided, with Russia occupying the area north of the 38th parallel.
China’s civil war between the Communist Party and Nationalists broke out after the Japanese defeat, supported by Cold War rivals.
In Burma, the British sought to re-establish their pre-war colonial rule, but were met by an independence movement.
Burma (now Myanmar) was granted independence in 1947, and a government included both communists and non-communists.

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Hawke and Keating’s Asia-Pacific Strategy
* Bob Hawke, a unionist, came to power in 1983, aiming to maintain Australia’s allies with America while also recognizing Australia’s role in the Asia-Pacific region.
* Hawke aimed to assist China in forming closer ties with South-Korea, Singapore, and Indonesia.
* Despite the collapse of the USSR, China continued to rise in power, describing these ties as ‘enmeshment’.
* Paul Keating, Hawke’s treasurer, sought to strengthen the Australian economy through deregulation.
* Keating’s government traveled to Indonesia four times per year, strengthening diplomatic ties between the two nations.
* The Australia-Indonesia Agreement on Maintaining Security was signed in 1995, aiming for regional stability.

East Timor War
* The war in East Timor, a brutal conflict claiming the lives of 100,000 East Timorese, was a significant part of the Cold War era.
* Journalist John Pilger documented the extinction of families and the resulting memorials, including the ‘village of the widows’.

John Howard’s Foreign Policy Challenges
* Howard faced a significant challenge in dealing constructively with China after becoming prime minister in 1996.
* Despite diplomatic issues, Howard managed to rebuild stability with China by meeting with Chinese President Jiang Zemin at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum in Manila.

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Post-War Integration of the Malay Peninsula and Australia
* The Malay Peninsula, previously administered by Britain, was divided into small states ruled by a Sultan.
* Post-war attempts to unify these states were met with resistance from the Malay Communist Party, which had a strong ethnic Chinese membership.
* The Malay Peninsula gained independence in 1957 and joined with neighbouring British colonies in 1963 to form the Federation of Malaysia.
* Post-war period in Asia became a major focus of anti-communist activity, leading Australia to intervene in wars in Vietnam and Korea alongside the United States of America.

Australia’s Focus on Asia-Pacific Region
* Australia’s trade and tourism focus shifted towards Asia in the second half of the 20th century.
* As countries in the region prospered, they became viable trading partners for Australia.
* This realignment towards Asia began under the Whitlam government and continued throughout subsequent governments.

Whitlam to Fraser
* Gough Whitlam, as prime minister, visited China to discuss diplomatic relations with China and established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.
* Malcolm Fraser, appointed caretaker prime minister in 1975, built on Whitlam’s approach towards Asia by attempting to engage more closely with the region.
* Fraser was a proponent of multiculturalism, welcoming Vietnamese refugees and establishing Channel 0/28 (SBS) to assist new migrants.
* The Fraser government supported the establishment of migrant resource centres around Australia, assisting new migrants in finding housing, medical services, translators/interpreters, and English lessons.

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Australia’s Soccer Team and Ethnic Tensions
* Australia’s soccer team, comprising clubs from Hakoah Melbourne, St George Budapest, and Pan Hellenic, represented a mix of ethnicities.
* The National Soccer League, established in 1977, was largely ethnically segregated, with 11 teams competing in the 1991 season.
* The 1991 final between South Melbourne Hellas and Preston Macedonia sparked tensions between Greek and Macedonian communities over disputed Macedonian territory.
* The Australian Soccer Federation initiated a process of ‘Australianising’ soccer clubs in 1992 to combat xenophobia and racism.

Establishment of the A-League
* The National Soccer League was succeeded by the A-League, the top professional soccer league in Australia.
* The Socceroos, Australia’s national team, qualified for the World Cup for the first time since 1974.
* In the 2021/22 season, the top-tier women’s competition, previously known as the W-League, was brought under the A-League banner.

Origins of Rock’n’Roll
* Rock’n’roll, a blend of country and western music, was initially met with controversy and opposition.
* Teenagers were drawn to rock’n’roll’s faster, socially charged beats and melodies, creating a demographic division between older and younger generations.
* Technological developments in the musical world, such as electric instruments and radio, significantly influenced the popularity of rock’n’roll.

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Australian Government’s Tensions with Indonesia
* Australian governments initially sought constructive relations with Indonesia, which had annexed East Timor in 1975.
* In the late 1990s, the world demanded Timor’s independence, leading to Australia sending soldiers as peacekeepers to protect East Timorese citizens.

Developing a Surfing Culture
* Sporting activities shaped Australian communities, providing a sense of belonging, identity, and social interaction.
* By the 1970s, Australian beach and surf culture had become a defined movement focusing on freedom of expression and rebellion.
* William Gocher, an American Olympic champion, defied local regulations for daylight swimming in 1902, leading to all-day bathing in 1903.
* The rise of surfing coincided with peace and civil rights movements, environmental concerns, and youth counter-culture.

Going for Gold
* Australia has been part of the Olympic movement since the first modern games in 1896.
* The country’s involvement in the Olympic Games and the wider Olympic movement represents the country’s passion for sport and commitment to Olympic and Paralympic values.

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Australian Olympic Achievements and Political Protests
* In 1956, 325 Australian athletes won 35 medals at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, placing Australia third on the overall medal table.
* Cathy Freeman won a gold medal in the women’s 400 m at the Sydney Olympics in 2000, symbolizing reconciliation.
* Australia has been a prominent participant in political protests at the Olympics, including the ‘Blood in the Water’ match between Hungary and the Soviet Union.
* Australian athlete Peter Norman was embroiled in controversy over a civil rights protest by his American counterparts, leading to his dismissal and subsequent selection for subsequent games.

Influence of Soccer on Migration and National Identity
* Soccer, known in Europe as ‘football’, was the sport that European migrants to Australia loved.
* Between 1947 and 1964, over two million migrants entered Australia under industry expansion schemes or as displaced persons following World War II.
* Soccer remained popular with migrant communities in all states, with clubs run by immigrants and often representing a single ethnicity.
* In 1974, Australia qualified for the FIFA World Cup, reignited interest in establishing an Australian league.

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Australian Rock’n’Roll: The First Wave

Australian rock’n’roll gained popularity through disc jockeys like Bob Rogers, who presented the first top 40 show in Australia.
The movie Blackboard Jungle (1955) and its soundtrack, featuring Bill Haley’s ‘Rock around the clock’, captivated Australian teenagers, offering newfound freedom and an opportunity to break away from traditional values.
Australian singer Lonnie Lee recalls the impact of Blackboard Jungle on him, describing it as a live performance.
Live shows organized by promoters like Lee Gordon brought major rock’n’roll acts to Australia, promoting the local music scene.
Australian singer Johnny O’Keefe, known as ‘The Wild One’, became the first Australian rock’n’roll performer to tour the United States and break into the U.S top 40.
Television shows like Six O’Clock Rock, hosted by O’Keefe, presented rock’n’roll to a predominantly teenage audience.
The American rock’n’roll performers faced a challenge from British rock’n’roll bands, known as ‘The British Invasion’.
The rise in popularity of pub rock was partly due to TV music shows, particularly ABC’s Countdown, which promoted Australian musical acts to a local audience.

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The Rise of the Beatles

The Beatles, consisting of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, emerged as a creative outlet in post-war Liverpool.
Their first single, ‘Love-me-do’, peaked at number 17 on the British charts in 1962.
The band’s music style was heavily influenced by rock’n’roll, with influences from Elvis Presley, Little Richard, and Chuck Berry.
The’moptop’ hairstyle worn by the Beatles was seen as an expression of rebellion, increasing their popularity.
The Beatles embarked on a World Tour in 1964, including Australia, where they received a hysterical reaction known as ‘Beatlemania’.
The Beatles held the top six spots on the top 40 in Australia after leaving Australia.
The first wave of Australian rock bands emerged, influenced by the American music industry, with artists like Johnny O’Keefe.
The second wave of Australian rock, which occurred directly after the Beatles’ 1964 tour, was heavily reminiscent of the British band.
The third wave of Australian rock developed in the grit and grime of the ‘pub rock’ scene, with AC/DC becoming one of the world’s most popular and enduring rock bands.

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napalm a highly flammable,
sticky jelly used in incendiary
bombs and flamethrowers
multiculturalism policy
recognising an immigrant’s right
to practise whichever culture they
wish to, so long as they do not
break the law; respect for, and
appreciation of, cultural diversity

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beat generation a subculture,
first associated with American
writers and poets, that rejected
conventional work, possessions,
clothing and lifestyle, and
promoted radical ideas
utopia an ideal, perfect place,
especially in its social, political
and moral aspects

Australia Post-WWII Immigration and Cultural Evolution

Australia’s post-WWII population was predominantly Anglo-Celtic, with immigration from Europe and Asia.
The immigration minister initially only welcomed white European immigrants, despite the benefits of a larger population.
Post-war economic growth and low unemployment led to a post-war boom, but the immigration minister’s welcome only extended to those of white European descent.
Harold Holt, the new immigration minister, allowed 800 non-European refugees to remain in Australia and permitted Japanese war brides.
Non-Europeans who had resided in Australia for at least 15 years were allowed to apply for citizenship in 1957.
Australia entered the Vietnam War in 1962 and remained involved until 1972, with 60,000 armed-services personnel involved.
The White Australia policy was abolished in 1973, leading to increased acceptance of refugees from Indochina.
Post-WWII, Australia focused on attracting skilled migrants, with Asian immigrants increasing significantly.
In December 2016, Chinese immigrants made up the third-largest group of Australians born overseas, followed closely by Indians.

Immigration from Asia Post-Vietnam War

The Vietnam War began as a conflict between communist North and South Vietnam, leading to the ‘domino theory’.
Australia supported South Vietnam with 60,000 personnel between 1962 and 1972, resulting in 3129 injuries and 500 deaths.
After the US and US withdrew from the conflict, many Australians felt a new sense of duty to protect the Vietnamese people.
On 29 April 1975, US President Gerald Ford ordered all American personnel out of South Vietnam, effectively declaring defeat.
The North Vietnamese Army, led by General Vo Nguyen Giap, entered Saigon, leading to an unprecedented number of Vietnamese seeking refuge in friendly nations, including Australia.
The first ‘boat people’ escaped Vietnam, fearing persecution from the new communist government.
Most refugees escaped by buying passage on a large boat, some using small fishing boats, or being picked up by large trawlers from countries like China.
Estimates of the number of people who died attempting to flee Indochina vary widely from 30,000 to 250,000.
On 26 April 1976, a worn-out fishing boat named the Kein Giang limped along the coast of Darwin, signaling the beginning of an influx of Indochinese ‘boat people’.

Australia’s Role in Refugee Resettlement
* Australia, a participant in the Vietnam War and a signatory to the United Nations 1951 Convention, had a moral and legal obligation to accept refugees from Indochina.
* In 1977, Australia developed its own refugee policy, acknowledging its responsibility to resettle a fair proportion of the world’s refugees.
* In 1979, the Vietnamese government targeted ethnic Chinese who had been living in Vietnam, leading to a flood of Vietnamese refugees.
* By 1984, Australia had accepted around 90,000 Indochinese refugees out of a total of 2 million.

The Blainey Debate
* In 1984, Professor Geoffrey Blainey, a historian and history author, criticized the rapid pace of Asian migration to Australia and the potential for racial conflict.
* Blainey’s views resonated with some Australians who feared Vietnamese refugees represented an ‘Asian invasion’.

The Challenge of ‘Fitting In’
* Despite the transition from assimilation to integration, refugees faced challenges such as limited knowledge of English, limited job prospects, separation from family and friends, and ongoing effects of trauma and torture.
* Vietnamese refugees formed neighborhoods where they could speak their own language, buy and sell their own food, and worship at their own temples, often referred to as ‘ghettos’ due to high unemployment, crime, and drug use.

Being Asian-Australian Today and the Power of Protest Music
* Despite attempts to undermine multiculturalism, Asian-Australian communities continue to grow and thrive in Australia.
* Second- or third-generation Asian-Australians’ lives differ significantly from their parents and grandparents.

Music and the Power of Protest
* The 1960s saw political and social upheaval, with Australia participating in the Vietnam War.
* Protests were held against Australia’s participation in the war and for civil rights, First Nations Australian land rights, and women’s liberation.
* Musicians began to educate and inform listeners about political and social issues through their songs, leading to the creation of ‘protest music’.
* Protests against Vietnam and for civil rights were closely intertwined, with many Australians supporting First Nations Australians’ right to own their traditional lands.
* Protest music continued to hold a strong place in the Australian rock’n’roll scene through the 1970s and 1980s.

The Hippie Movement
* The hippie subculture emerged from the 1950s beat generation, challenging conventional values of society by embracing a less materialistic, more communal lifestyle.
* The Woodstock festival, held in 1969, was synonymous with the values of peace, love, and communal living.

Australia’s Aquarius Festival and Woodstock Values
* The Aquarius Festival in 1973, held in Nimbin, represented values of Woodstock.
* Attended by 5000-10000 young people, with the slogan, ‘From our hearts, with our hands, for the Earth, all the world together’.
* Many hippies continued their counter-culture lifestyle philosophy after the festival.

Music Festivals in Australia
* Between 1970 and 1975, numerous outdoor music festivals were staged in Australia.
* The first Sunbury Music Festival in 1972, known as ‘Australia’s Woodstock’, attracted 35,000 attendees.
* The festival showcased Australian contemporary music, but folded in 1975 due to financial difficulties.

Beat Generation and Utopia
* The Beat Generation was a subculture rejecting conventional work, possessions, clothing, and lifestyle.
* The Aquarius Festival celebrated freedom of mind, body, and spirit.

ntroduction to Television in Australia
* Television arrived in Australia in 1956, becoming a pivotal cultural and political tool.
* Bruce Gyngell, presenter on Australia’s first commercial television network TCN-9, officially introduced television to the public on 16 September 1956.
* Other stations followed, including stations in major metropolitan and regional areas.
* Popular programs were produced overseas, while local productions included quiz and musical variety shows, news, and current affairs shows.

Vietnam War and the First ‘Television War’
* By 1966, television became a common household item in Sydney and Melbourne.
* The Vietnam War was the first war to be shown on Australian television, earning the name ‘the television war’.
* Television opened a window into troubling stories, culminating in the coverage of a South Vietnamese napalm strike in 1972.

Channel 0/28 and Multiculturalism
* In 1980, Australia established Channel 0/28, the world’s first ethnic television channel.
* The Fraser government supported the station to assist immigrants in understanding Australia and better reflect their interests.
* Channel 0/28 was known for screening movies from around the world and covering international issues in depth.
* In 1985, the channel changed its name to the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS).

From Soapies to Reality
* Australia has produced several dramatic serials, or’soap operas’, reflecting changing social attitudes.

he Evolution of Australian Soap Operas and Reality TV

The Controversy of Number-96
* Launched in 1972 by 0–10 Network, the show featured a multiracial cast, frequent nudity, sex scenes, homosexuality, and drug use.
* The show contrasted with conventional Australian soap operas like The Sullivans, causing shock and fear among viewers.

The Rise of Neighbours and Home-and-Away
* These shows gained popularity with predominantly teenage audiences in Australia and overseas, particularly in England.
* Stars like Kylie Minogue and Russell Crowe/Margot Robbie became successful pop singers and A-list movie and television actors.

The Role of Soap Operas
* The original dramatic serials were broadcast on radio during the week in daytime slots, when most listeners would be women.
* When the serials needed sponsorship, they approached the makers of cleaning products, including soap.

The Rise of Reality Television
* Most reality television consists of a group of people put into a challenging situation and offered a substantial prize if they can survive a process of elimination.
* Viewers relate better to participants than to paid actors, enjoying watching normal people faced with abnormal situations.
* Some reality TV shows have been criticized for deliberately misrepresenting participants and manufacturing conflict.

The Technological Influence of Television
* Since the first television signal was broadcast in Australia, technology has dictated what Australians watch and how they watch it.
* Satellite images in 1966 allowed Australians to watch events live, and colour television arrived in 1975.
* In recent decades, Australians have been given access to a broader range of television stations via cable television.
* The shift from analogue to digital TV in 2010 poses a threat to the future of television in Australia and around the world.

Animal Kingdom” and Australian Film Industry
* Jackie Weaver’s 2010 film, Animal Kingdom, won multiple awards, including the AFI’s Best Australian Film of 2010.
* The film mirrors Australia’s first feature film, another crime drama, over 100 years ago.

Influence on Australian Film and Future
* The Australian film industry has a long-standing relationship with Hollywood.
* Post-WWII, many films shot in Australia were financed by American studios and featured foreign actors.
* Some argue for local talent, while others argue for local experience.
* Australian actors and directors have made significant contributions to American films and TV series.
* Australian special effects studios have contributed special effects to American films and TV series.

Significance of Bollywood
* The Australian film industry has developed strong ties with Bollywood, the world’s largest film industry.
* Increased Indian immigration, changing Australian diplomatic and economic focus in Asia, and shared colonial heritage have facilitated this relationship.

The Australian Film Industry: A Historical Overview

The Tait brothers, Australian filmmakers, created the world’s first feature film in 1906 with The Story of the Kelly Gang.
The industry was neglected by the government in the 1940s and 1950s, with major productions only possible with investment from British and American studios.
In the 1970s, the Australian government invested heavily in its film industry, leading to a two-decade boom period.
The first Australian feature film to be produced in colour was Jedda (1955), the first to feature First Nations Australian lead actors and debut at the Cannes Film Festival.
From 1970 to 1985, the nation produced about 400 movies, more than since film production began in Australia.
The Australian government supported the industry by offering large tax breaks and establishing the Australian Film Development Corporation and the Australian Film Television and Radio School (AFTRS).
Popular films of the period included Sunday Too Far Away, Picnic at Hanging Rock, and Mad Max (1979).
Australian characters in film have been enduringly appealing since The Story of the Kelly Gang.
The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972) was one of the first films financed by the Australian Film Development Corporation.
Crocodile Dundee (1986) broke box office records for an Australian movie.

Technological Development and its Impact on Society

Technological advancements have significantly impacted culture, work, lifestyle, interactions, and health.
The rapid growth of the world’s population has led to strain on Earth’s resources and a rise in the green movement.
Household technology has evolved with advancements in refrigerators, freezers, microwave ovens, remote control, and voice commands.
Communication technology has evolved from large, programmable computers in the 1930s to smaller, lightweight laptops and computers in everyday items.
Communication technology enables instant global communication, with mobile phones and social media platforms serving as tools for information dissemination.
The World Wide Web reached 50 million users in four years, a significant increase from 38 years for radio and 13 years for television.
Advances in shipping and refrigeration have expanded world trade, enabling safe and quick transportation of goods.
Globalisation, a key consequence of the technological revolution, has reduced national borders but increased the flow of people, trade goods, ideas, and cultural knowledge.

The Environment Movement: A Historical Overview

The modern environment movement began in the 1960s, influenced by war and the atomic bomb’s destructive capabilities.
The movement argued for a slowdown in economic growth and development to protect the environment.
In the 1970s, the movement became a mass movement, leading to the establishment of authorities like the US Environment Protection Agency.
The UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage was endorsed in 1972, ensuring preservation of areas of significant environmental importance.
The Australian environment movement began with scientific interest in Australia’s unique flora and fauna, leading to efforts to protect it.
The turning point for the movement came from the Tasmanian government’s 1978 proposal to dam and flood the Franklin River, leading to protests and the Franklin Dam becoming a significant issue in the 1983 federal election.
The Australian Greens Party was formed in 1992 and won 13% of the federal vote in 2010, securing a Senate seat in every state and a first seat in the House of Representatives.
Environmentalists believe that the damage caused by population growth, resource overuse, and unchecked greenhouse gas emissions will lead to unsustainable life on Earth.

Australia’s Standard of Living and Economic Wellbeing
* Australia’s GDP per capita ranks among the world’s wealthiest.
* The Human Development Index (HDI) ranks Australia in the top 10, with Norway being the top.
* Medical advances over the past 60 years have improved health, with modern drugs and vaccinations eradicating diseases like malaria.
* The ability to transplant organs and identify illness early has led to longer lifespans and better health.
* Improved living conditions, sanitation, healthier lifestyles, and medical advances have contributed to these changes.
* However, these advancements have primarily benefited the richer nations, leaving poorer nations to rely on the generosity of wealthier nations.

Australia’s Future
* Measures like GDP assume equal access to benefits, but this is not always the case.
* Australia needs to continue ensuring fairness and equal access to benefits for all Australians.
* Despite the potential for education, employment, and productivity, many Australians still live in poverty and lack access to essential services.
* The gap between Australia’s poorest and richest citizens has widened over the past 70 years.

The Protestant/Catholic Divide in Australia’s Early 20th Century

The’mixed marriage’ was a significant issue in the early 20th century, involving Protestant and Catholic marriages.
Catholics married in a Protestant church were excommunicated, denying them membership to the Catholic Church.
Despite potential damage, one in five people chose to marry outside their faith before 1960.
Religion in ‘Anglo-Celtic’ Australia was a code for identity, branding individuals as part of the Protestant Ascendancy or the Catholic ‘Bog Irish’.
Marrying across entrenched divides was seen as consorting with the enemy.
Post-World War II, the number of Roman Catholics and members of other Christian denominations increased, challenging the supremacy of the Anglican church.
The 1963 federal election saw the approval of state aid for Catholic schools, which was consolidated by Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1972.
The abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973 led to an increase in the number of practicing Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in Australia.
An influx of immigrants from the Middle East and Africa has led to an increase in the number of practicing Muslims.
Growing support for multiculturalism has led to an increasing level of religious tolerance within the community.
Political leaders referring to their faith in election campaigns and interviews has become a point of debate, particularly in controversial issues like marriage equality.

Australian Societal Inequality and Democracy

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) shows a decrease in wealth distribution from 2003-04 to 2019-20, with the top 20% of households receiving nearly five times as much income after tax.
Australia has one of the oldest continuous democracies globally, with the right to vote extended to all Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders in 1962.
The Labor prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed in 1975 due to a freeze in the government’s money supply by the Opposition in the Senate.
Today, all Australians aged 18 and over are required to vote in state/territory and federal elections, with each vote cast in secret and recorded on a ballot.
Despite being a secular society, religious observance remains an important part of Australian society.
In the 1940s, most Australians identified themselves as Christian, but there was a large religious divide between these denominations.
Post-World War II, many Australians considered themselves loyal to England, viewing Catholics as unreliable and disloyal.

Post-WWII Mass Media Impact on Teenagers

Post-WWII, advancements in communications technology connected mass media with teenagers.
Analysis of popular culture from this era provides insights into what motivated and inspired teenagers.
Direct communication with teenagers can provide further insight.
The inquiry aims to identify at least three teenagers from different decades: 1950s, 60s, 70s, and 80s.
The aim is to understand how and why life changed for teenagers in the latter half of the 20th century.

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

1. History: Globalising world Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM